tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15779074127641630912024-02-20T21:24:09.934-08:00Wild born Canaan dogs of Saudi ArabiaA story of three wild born Canaan type dogs in Saudi Arabia and ongoing genetic studies of free living desert dogs.duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-36635003719637440442023-08-19T04:38:00.000-07:002023-08-19T04:38:03.169-07:00<h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>DNA breed testing and kennel club breeds</u></h2><div><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Perhaps the first consideration when understanding DNA "breed" identification is just what a "breed" is.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Most breeds have only existed for the last couple of hundred years. They have come about by selecting dogs for a specific look, use, colour or nature etc. By definition this eliminates unwanted genetic features. It does not result in new genes being created. There are no single DNA markers that identify a particular breed. Kennel club breeds, with few exceptions, are closed groups of related dogs and dogs outside of that cannot be added. Embark<span style="color: #070000; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"> can use the length of genetic segments a dog shares with their reference dogs to see how many generations it has been since they last shared an ancestor. Long segments of DNA that are identical to known purebred dogs tell Embark's scientists that the dog being tested has a relative from that breed. By testing over </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #070000; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">200,000 genetic markers</span><span style="color: #070000; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">, they build up the dog being </span></span><span style="color: #070000;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">tested</span></span><span style="color: #070000;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> genes one DNA segment at a time, to learn the ancestry. Other dog DNA tests look at many fewer genetic markers and have to take a guess at breed ancestry based on that. Just what DNA is in a breed can differ in different countries since not every dog in a breed has been used for breeding in geographically </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px;">separated</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> countries and some DNA may have been lost in one country but not another. It is therefore reasonable for the testing company to know what country a pedigree dog is from. The DNA test in such cases will confirm that the dog does or does not have any other mix in it. </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px;">Likewise,</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> a dog of unknown origin will reasonably give information of the mix, or otherwise. It is kennel clubs that decide and control what a breed makeup is and not DNA test companies. Likewise in a breed where an outside dog may be added, when that happens the DNA testing company will of course add that information to their DNA profile for that breed. </span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #070000;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #070000;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">When it comes to our ancient origin dogs much the same applies. It would be impossible to test every such dog in every country and dogs probably do not move between these countries as often as in the past when dog were first </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px;">introduced to</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px;">these</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> countries. </span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #070000;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #070000;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: 15px;">A recent comparison of some DNA test companies showed just how poorly some perform as linked below. The dog from Kuwait shows how many expats still fail to understand that free born dogs in the region are simply not mixes of the "breeds" they are familiar with. Embark remains the only company able to identify our village/desert/wadi/baladi dogs. </span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #fefefe;"><span style="color: #070000;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/marketplace-dog-dna-test-1.6763274">How accurate are dog DNA tests? We unleash the truth | CBC News</a></div>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-36227662106731181632023-02-02T06:04:00.052-08:002023-03-09T14:48:02.703-08:00Time for pedigree Canaan dog breeders to get serious about genetic health.<p><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">As one of the few kennel club breeds still open to new dogs being added it is vital to check such new additions for all known possible genetic health issues before breeding them. If breeders do not do that then they could be adding to the overall problems in the future which could then be difficult to remove. Some of these potential problems increase the chances of a dog developing problems but may not cause a problem in every dog even if it has both copies of the gene. Surely prevention is better than a cure but why take a chance? </span></p><p><span face=""Maison Neue", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0a0a0a; font-size: 1rem;"><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> Intervertebral Disc Disease (Type I)</b></span></p><p><span><span face="Maison Neue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #0a0a0a;">This has rarely been found in Canaan dogs, but it is present. This is not yet recognized as a problem, and it may be that when it got into the breed testing was not available. Now we do know about it and is still not too late to track it down and eliminate it. Type I Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a back/spine issue that refers to a health condition affecting the discs that act as cushions between vertebrae. With Type I IVDD, affected dogs can have a disc event where it ruptures or herniates towards the spinal cord. This pressure on the spinal cord causes neurologic signs which can range from a wobbly gait to impairment of movement. Embark uses linkage testing for this so positive result should be checked using specific tests. If confirmed, then having a dog checked by a vet who finds no sign of this problem does not mean the DNA test is wrong. The issue mainly shows up in dogs with a long body and short legs, such as Dachshunds so again may not show up in dogs of other morphotypes.</span></span></p><p><span><span face="Maison Neue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #0a0a0a;">Looking back at pedigree records this could have come from any of a number of dogs including, Ben Yarden Me Dlbaan Jimi, Pereh Me Nachal Yealem, Mocha Givat Har Adar, Keliv El Kashhar, Zahava El Kashar, V'Makole de Solemel, Lilo Me Shaar Hagai, Bayud Bedoui Me Tel Arad, U'nes Ha Bedouim de Solemel, Tihelah de Solemel, or Tofee Me Shaar Hagai. That is eleven dogs that could be the origin of this, some of which are probably no longer alive but could have passed this gene on to any number of offspring. So where to start? </span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span><span face="Maison Neue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0a0a0a;">For the dog we know has both copies both parents, Noked Me Shaar Hagai and Angie od Dvou cedru, must have carried at least one copy, so if breeders want to nip this in the bud they should ideally not be used for any further breeding and all their offspring, if intended to be used for breeding, tested with the aim of not breeding any positive dogs from these. </span></span><span><span face="Maison Neue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0a0a0a;">Where did these 2 get it from? Potentially Or Ve-Tel Me Shaar Hagar and Toot Bar (at least one of which must carry it) and Chakede de Solemel and Chanyah de Solomel (at least one of which must carry it. Depending on results of testing these dogs breeders could then go further back to trace the potential presence of this gene in other ancestors and any of their pups intended for breeding. Complicated? Yes. A lot of work? Yes, but do breeders really want to ensure the Canaan breed does not end up with avoidable problems. </span></span></span></p><p><span><span face="Maison Neue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #0a0a0a;">This gene has not shown up yet in any of the "Arabian village dogs" (a small number of which were used to establish the Canaan breed) I have seen, but of course it and others are probably there in small numbers. It is essential that any new dogs brough into the Canaan breed, be fully tested before even being considered as additions. Breeders have the tools available today that Menzel did not have. Why not use them?</span></span></p><p><br /></p>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-43017351520757127482023-01-15T03:08:00.000-08:002023-01-15T03:08:34.064-08:00Notes on potential genetic health issues and Reference ranges.<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Most of these are autosomal recessive so dogs need 2 copies
of the variant to develop disease, one from each parent.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While figures are small, based on a total of 78 village dogs
with publicly available health information. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Degenerative Myelopathy</b> (DM) 15 carry 1 copy (19%) It is
probably fair to assume there are desert dogs out there that are born with 2
copies even though none showed up in this group. Data of many “village dogs”
tested do not show health figures in public profiles, either because only breed
was tested or because that is the default set by Embark and has not been
changed by owners. It is no surprise that with inbreeding of pedigree Canaan
dogs that are derived from a small number of “village dogs” that DM has become
a major issue in the breed. When the breed was established, no genetic testing
was available. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Von Willebrand type 1</b> – 2 dogs (2.56%)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Factor VII</b> – 1 dog (1.28%)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Collie Eye Anomaly</b>, so called because it was first found in
Collies but more accurately called <b>Choroidal hypoplasia</b> (75% of Collies, 80% of
Stabyhoun and 71% of German spitz have this) – 2 related dogs (2.56%)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Bald thigh syndrome</b> – 2 dogs (2.56%)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Lunderhund Syndrome</b> (affects neuroendocrine cells in the
intestinal tract causing stomach and intestinal problems) – 1 dog (1.28%)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ALT potential low normal</b> 39 (50%) have 1 copy, 17 (21.8%) have 2 copies. This is
not a health issue as such but may mean that a dog with this gene may have a
reference range lower that test books state so could give results that seem to
be in range but are somewhat raised for that dog. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Reference ranges for laboratory tests are often incorrectly called
“normal ranges”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are typically defined
as the range of values of the median 95% of the healthy population. It is
possible that a given sample even from a healthy individual will show values
slightly outside of the range for some tests. Other factors such as race (breed
in the case of dogs), altitude, age, and sex etc. can also result in variation.
People living at high altitudes will have higher levels of haemaglobin than those
at sea level. Few laboratories establish reference ranges for the local healthy
population. In one laboratory I worked in where the altitude was around 3500
meters up to a maximum 4000 we went to great lengths to establish local
reference ranges. Sadly, some years later with staff changes, no one was aware
of this and when doctors raised questions as to why the laboratory reference
ranges in the computer were not those to be found in textbooks pathology staff
at the time had no answer.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Among a small number of Canaan breed dogs at least 3 have the
genes that increase the risk for <b>Chondrodystrophy and Invertebrate disc disease</b>
developing, 1 has the gene predisposing it to having <b>Urate crystals forming in
the kidney and bladder stones</b>. This does does mean they will have a problem but are at increased risk so need to be watched as time goes on. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Most village dogs that have homes are neutered but Canaan
breeders need to be aware of the potential for genetic issues other than DM
also being present in the breed, as well as the potential for adding some not
yet present when new freeborn dogs are added. Better to test and eliminate all
mutations before they become an issue later.<o:p></o:p></p>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-91770327171518475912021-06-21T17:34:00.003-07:002023-09-25T05:17:49.133-07:00A look at the genetic relations in groups of dogsWhat do we really know about free living groups of dogs? Published work by the Swiss animal behaviourist, Rudolph Schenkel, of his wolf studies in the 1930s and 1940s gave rise to the idea of pack leaders and this idea is still referred to all too often today. His work was based on captive wolves in a zoo and has since been recognized, including by Schenkel, as not giving a picture of free-living wolves or dogs. More recently claims have been made that a “pack” consists of the mother and her pups and that only the “alpha female and alpha male breed”. This is then also picked up and claimed to be the same with free living dogs. Free living dogs do not have rules they follow and there has not been any long-term study of many dog groups, individuals or their movements done over several generations to give a clear picture and it is unlikely that one size fits all. From genetic studies we do know, however, that in general freeborn dogs have a lower coefficient of inbreeding (COI) than do human controlled breeds suggesting movement between groups is common. There is of course an occasional exception when a parent and sibling or 2 siblings have mated but his seems to be rare and may be a result of movements having been restricted when dogs find themselves caught in a built-up city area.
One of the dogs in the group initially tested, Aswad, was later shown by Embark to have a close relative, Ramy. On checking it was confirmed that they had both came into the same shelter together and that the size difference suggested they might be a father and son. From the genetics they share 28% similarity, so it seems they were half siblings from separate litters, with their haplotypes suggesting they probably had the same father but different mothers.
Genetic results of other dogs living in a group or close by groups show interesting connections as follows. Of the dogs tested none of the dogs in the same group as Pack leader, so named because of the role the people feeding these dogs observed him to be, showed as his pups. He was related to Figa, Hannah and Finn at a level of half siblings, aunts/uncles or grandparents, and to Jimmy and Jenny as first cousins and yet Hannah and Figa were living together in a separate area to Pack leader. Hannah and Figa shared their genetics (40%) at a level where they were probably half siblings or possibly aunts/uncles or grandparents. They have the same maternal haplotype so likely had the same mother. Hannah and Finn could also be half siblings of Pack leader but did not have the same mother as Pack leader since Pack leaders maternal haplotype was different. Jimmy and Jenny could be as related to Pack leader as first cousins and share 43% of their genetic makeup and have the same maternal haplotype that none of the other dogs had, so probably had the same mother. They were in a separate group.
Most closely related were Jenny and Jimmy at 43% and with the same mother as they both have the same maternal haplotype. Hannah and Figa at 40% and again with shared maternal haplotype so same mother but different to Jenny and Jimmy. Dasha and Dave with 31% and again the same mother as they have the same maternal haplotypes but different to the other siblings. Lara and Luna at 22% and again share the same maternal haplotypes so had the same mother that none of the others had. Figures shown are the percentage of DNA shared between connected dogs.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFhS86YknOOeji0op7msVu1Fn_ovpIqh2Mo2aJndCxXUWYhrsNLpr3_PWuDjugBxQUgtjyDIdyBtzP43XFpe8fABtXdgDrRgDa3ksNV6rx6ixpOcjDWHlJz-ca5jfmdUi8htaNd9y3Niw/s547/Pack+leader.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="547" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFhS86YknOOeji0op7msVu1Fn_ovpIqh2Mo2aJndCxXUWYhrsNLpr3_PWuDjugBxQUgtjyDIdyBtzP43XFpe8fABtXdgDrRgDa3ksNV6rx6ixpOcjDWHlJz-ca5jfmdUi8htaNd9y3Niw/s400/Pack+leader.png" width="400" /></a></div>
Hannah and Figa share 40% of their genes so are probably half siblings and share the same maternal haplotype A437 so probably the same mother.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhN2C4BJ59sXHNBz0IP2ijiffmIjnTR7GH_CC2_j1ZtF9ou7EtjO6NAxJc8q6L23odpgSdZI5NQQYAC8_GgopriWAvz2ArcrLdDb_a1e5apB80hGTduJajSswxnVqwhWvTGbnn9ijZyrU/s415/Hannah.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhN2C4BJ59sXHNBz0IP2ijiffmIjnTR7GH_CC2_j1ZtF9ou7EtjO6NAxJc8q6L23odpgSdZI5NQQYAC8_GgopriWAvz2ArcrLdDb_a1e5apB80hGTduJajSswxnVqwhWvTGbnn9ijZyrU/s400/Hannah.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilxaMBKfD9NGfn0cIDmGmFHLqFG4mVd25XxsiGZO0yGarOQ2mZpi9YlFbdWVVtXN-4IGODZYtH9QMpAbzTiIZKMczNfdV3yiIsZaC1kKrN9gFndeOSUPgE54x0yUnUECN2AT0iMyipb0g/s554/Figa.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilxaMBKfD9NGfn0cIDmGmFHLqFG4mVd25XxsiGZO0yGarOQ2mZpi9YlFbdWVVtXN-4IGODZYtH9QMpAbzTiIZKMczNfdV3yiIsZaC1kKrN9gFndeOSUPgE54x0yUnUECN2AT0iMyipb0g/s400/Figa.png" width="400" /></a></div>
Jenny and Jimmy share 43% of their genetic make up so are probably full siblings and share the same maternal haplotype C34 so probably the same mother. They were from a different group to Hannah Figa and Pack leader.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhok-2N-sobx6P71esfSHr0rzF1RVHhyq3m1_UzXcH5cFNAOp9NeF1c-8AduH7WaRIFaKWzF43qPA2LllNH65y_vn_OGF1dkHST_3NUEj1KFePVLv3nqniV9uAH7xT2yFlIbXV-F2g0Pi8/s459/Jenny.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhok-2N-sobx6P71esfSHr0rzF1RVHhyq3m1_UzXcH5cFNAOp9NeF1c-8AduH7WaRIFaKWzF43qPA2LllNH65y_vn_OGF1dkHST_3NUEj1KFePVLv3nqniV9uAH7xT2yFlIbXV-F2g0Pi8/s400/Jenny.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kXJwbsl7ESUBgxPfEkLUmPcdmIYfpZg4FjsscIS4rd2s44nDKLQdIW-pz5YYZcZQKoEWBjSQpmEHZFqOcmJFMw2shDy_Z9KXT4h3WwKVp2mvGz1WdtLTf6eLx7Wah3tMnLccml6RRM0/s482/Jimmy.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kXJwbsl7ESUBgxPfEkLUmPcdmIYfpZg4FjsscIS4rd2s44nDKLQdIW-pz5YYZcZQKoEWBjSQpmEHZFqOcmJFMw2shDy_Z9KXT4h3WwKVp2mvGz1WdtLTf6eLx7Wah3tMnLccml6RRM0/s400/Jimmy.png" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;">
Lara and Luna share 22% of their genes as well as the same maternal haplotype so probably have the same mother but different fathers and were not family relatives of other dogs tested.
Savvy and Sandy from Dhahran were thought to be siblings or half siblings but only share 17% DNA, a level equivalent to first cousins. They do share the same maternal haplotype suggesting their mothers may have been siblings. </span><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Complicating this in dogs is that in one litter it is possible that more than one male dog may have mated. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">On average, siblings who share the same parents are approximately 50% genetically related. But if more than one male fathers a litter, the half-siblings puppies are only ~25% genetically similar. This is known as superfecundation and while extremely rare in humans it can occur in twins.</span></span></div><div><span face="Untitled-Serif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif" style="font-size: 1.3125rem; letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br /></span></div>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-41196951213629886912020-07-01T18:58:00.001-07:002020-07-01T19:01:05.956-07:00Where did all the German Shepherd genes come from?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Almost every “village dog” shows a trace of German
Shepherd in its DNA. A range of other “breeds” also show up infrequently including
Saluki, Basenji, Doberman Pinscher, Pomeranian, Boxer, Collie, Harrier, Labrador
Retriever, Dalmatian, and others.
Considering that all of todays human established breeds originally come from
the early natural dogs or by mixing other breeds to get a type wanted it is not
surprising to find some shared DNA and the more pariahs that are tested the
more are likely to be found. Some also have the same haplogroups and
haplotypes that are found in some
“pedigree Canaan dogs”. It would be surprising if that was not the case since
the Canaan breed is simply a small group, or family, established by taking in
some 30 of these pariahs and breeding them for sale then excluding the rest.
“The “breed” can be distinguished in much the same way as a human family that
has bred in a closed community could be identified from other humans in the
same geographic area. Most dogs in todays breeds are as closely related as
second cousins. It is rare to find a dog with no genetic structure linking it
to other breeds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">When “pedigree”
dogs or unknown dogs that turn out to fit the genetic profile of the “pure” breed
are tested then any trace breed found does not get reported. When a new
“pariah” is added to the “Canaan breed” kennel clubs only require that the
offspring breed true for 3 generations with existing registered dogs. That is
equivalent to going back as far as great grandparents, each of which would show up as 12.5% of the dogs
genetic makeup. Once a new pariah is introduced to the breeding program and its
offspring “breed true” to and is registered and its DNA added to the breed
profile then all the related dogs will of course also test as being “pure
Canaan”. If the relative finder on Embark tested 100% pure Canaan dogs is used
GSD’s do show up as here: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://my.embarkvet.com/members/results/relatives">https://my.embarkvet.com/members/results/relatives</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">So how do
we explain the presence of this connection. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From Grace Gartel: “</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2b2e2f; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Since we first started
testing dogs at <span class="marklaq4leblb"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Embark</span></span> (and
even before then, during our village dog research), the <span class="marklaq4leblb"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Embark</span></span> team noticed that
most village dogs across the globe share some German Shepherd Dog DNA (when it
is less than 5% of their DNA, they are a "trace breed"). To be
honest, we're not yet sure exactly why this is, but it definitely is a real
biological phenomenon and has been noted by other labs (see for example </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492993/" target="_blank"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492993/</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2b2e2f;">).</span><span style="color: #2b2e2f;"><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">The average amount of relatedness varies across
the globe, and the exact amount varies between village dogs from the same
region. This could relate to German Shepherd Dogs traveling around the world in
the World Wars and other times, but we are not certain of that at this time. As
we work to understand village dog genetics and history better, we hope to
unravel this mystery!”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #2b2e2f; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The suggestion that GSD’s were introduced by military into
the area seems unlikely to explain this. Many other dog breeds have also been
introduced and there is no reason to believe GSD’s could have bred so widely
with pariahs worldwide that close to all pariahs even in remote areas now have
some GSD in them. A more likely explanation would be that it is simply a
continuation of genetic strains dating back to ancient times and has remained
as a stable pattern. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #2b2e2f; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">4 of 67 village dogs from this region had a trace of Gray
wolf in their genetic makeup, 2 from Israel, 1 from Jordan and 1 from Kuwait.
No doubt there are others not tested and again this is further evidence of the
ancient origin of our desert dogs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Some potential genetic health issues have been found in pariahs. Apart from the more common degenerative myelopathy (DM), which has become a major issue in the pedigree breed due to inbreeding, others already spotted in lower numbers in the pariahs include von Willebrands type II , factor VII deficiency (a blood clotting deficiency) and “Collie eye” Without fully testing any new pariah intended to be added to the breed BEFORE using them breeders could well be creating future problems. Thousands of desert dog pariahs still survive but, sadly, efforts to eliminate them by “rescuing” them or by Trap Neuter and Release (TNR) or worse, to shoot or poison them if “successful” could lead to the end of these natural dogs while we still have much to learn from them.</span><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-20020293325598086332020-01-26T17:29:00.000-08:002020-01-26T17:29:59.364-08:00Dogs of ancient Egypt<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1577907412764163091" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dogs have lived in Egypt for thousands
of years and there are many artistic depictions of them. These include both
carvings and paintings. Thousands of mummified dogs were placed in one tomb
that has been known for some time but only recently properly studied. Many of
these dogs may have been killed as part of a ritual but some had received
better and more careful treatment and were likely to have been loved pets. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A number of distinctly different breeds
were recognised. Rosellini attempted to put together a collection of the
various dog types found and produced the following 2 plates. Most modern
popular breeds have existed for a mere few hundred years but many people try to
link them to Egyptian dogs for prestigious reasons but without factual proof. Today’s
Pharaoh hound for example has been proven to be a modern mix designed to
resemble the original. Africa’s Basenji is more likely to have descended from
Egyptian types. Sighthounds were reserved for the elite people and their descendants
have continued until today. Today’s Baladi dog in Egypt is another likely
survivor from ancient times and is probably related to the desert pariah found
throughout the middle-east and which has probably followed Bedouin and earlier
hunter gatherers where ever they moved, throughout the Arabian peninsula and
perhaps the ancient fertile crescent where man settled and grew crops. These
desert dogs have survived in harsh conditions often without help from man and
are the natural stock of today’s Canaan breed selected from these pariahs. The
popular and intelligent (one has been shown to know over a thousand words)
border collie, with known origins in the English/Scottish border area has also
been claimed by some to have desert pariah connections. </span></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-46779717478055264902020-01-06T15:37:00.000-08:002020-01-07T04:58:14.650-08:00Genetics of registered Canaan dogs versus pariahs.<br />
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Here is an interesting
illustration of just what the difference is between the pure free living pariah
dogs and the pure Canaan “breed” established by simply capturing pariahs and
breeding them for sale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kiva is a dog I saw
as a puppy in 2013 in Israel. Her parents were Janey, a freeborn bitch from
Jordan, and Tsuk, a freeborn from Israel. She now lives in America. Based on
that information only her gDNA results could be expected to show her as a “village
dog”. However she comes out as a Canaan. Looking deeper gives the explanation.
Unlike most established breeds that have long been totally closed, the Canaan breed
still adds new dogs after they have gone through a kennel club process. In
simple terms this is based on the new dog coming from the area i.e. not from other
continents where similar looking pariahs exist, then by breeding through 3
generations with the offspring breeding true to the look. The 3<sup>rd</sup>
generation can then be registered as a Canaan with the kennel club. When it
comes to DNA identification of any breed this is of course based on what kennel
clubs deem to be the breed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At least two maybe three dogs related to Kiva have been incorporated into the breed and have had their
DNA checked by Embark so are therefore now part of the Canaan breed profile. At
least one of these was descended from a brother of Janey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore Kiva now fits the updated Canaan
profile. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadly many of Janey’s pups from
her 3 litters were considered “aggressive” and were killed rather than spend
the time needed to work on this. This is NOT the way to go if breeders honestly
want to preserve this type of dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Starting at bringing in more new dogs they should be fully tested with
state of the art methods (Embark being the only available one with pariahs in
their database). This would firstly ensure that the dog is not a mixture. It
would also ensure that no potential genetically associated health issue is
added and could become a problem in future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is no simple “marker” that says a dog is a Canaan. The only “Canaan”
that may be found living free is one related to the few that have been used to
create the “breed” or have been added to them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no reason why a pariah
or village dog that tests as a pure Arabian or Middle Eastern village dog
should not be added to the Canaan breed if it also has no genetic health issue.
Ideally it would be preferable to concentrate on allowing these free living
dogs to live where they are and as they have done for thousands of years
without human interference, provided they are not in unsafe areas where they
are at risk of being killed. </div>
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Of the pariahs I tested the close relatives were all from the same pack of dogs living together.<br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-47351804246069496792019-12-17T23:09:00.000-08:002019-12-17T23:09:56.617-08:00<br />
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">Coefficient of in breeding of Arabian desert dogs</span></div>
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The mean coefficient of inbreeding (COI) of the 47 dogs
tested was 6.255. An inbreeding coefficient of 0 indicates a dog that comes
from two unrelated parents; 6.25 is equivalent to mating of first cousins; 12.5
equates to the genetic equivalent of a dog produced from a grandfather to
granddaughter mating; 25 would equate to the genetic equivalent of a dog
produced from a father to daughter mating.<br />
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COI</div>
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0</div>
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1</div>
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2</div>
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3</div>
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4</div>
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5</div>
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6</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.2pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
7</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
9</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
10</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.2pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
12</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
14</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
17</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
23</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
24</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
29</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: dotted .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
30</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: dotted .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="top" width="44"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dogs</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.1pt;" valign="top" width="20"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
9</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.2pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
6</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
10</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.2pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.2pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.2pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: dotted windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg115wBP3kqSCfmjN-zmNq3b36THlohXvkIrabwhPIqcEA56n0u9vqhtlgvG5cv-x9zOUvshwTkM9FVwNmSsSKhTf2fi7rBEOFPSbBjgPOTJm8whAjfhuKz9UuKRLBYoaHRZJSYcbnI_Tw/s1600/COI.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="469" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg115wBP3kqSCfmjN-zmNq3b36THlohXvkIrabwhPIqcEA56n0u9vqhtlgvG5cv-x9zOUvshwTkM9FVwNmSsSKhTf2fi7rBEOFPSbBjgPOTJm8whAjfhuKz9UuKRLBYoaHRZJSYcbnI_Tw/s320/COI.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Although some inbreeding is probably inevitable this does
not show that it is common and in fact is less than in many pedigree dogs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Wolfiness as measured by Embark:</h3>
<br />
Embark explains this as:<br />
<br />
Your dog’s Wolfiness Score is not a measure of recent
dog-wolf hybridization and does not necessarily indicate that your dog has some
recent wolf ancestors. (If your dog has recent wolf ancestors, you will see
that in the breed mix report.) Instead, the Wolfiness Score is based on the
number of ancient genetic variants your dog has in our unique Wolfiness marker
panel. Wolfiness scores up to 10% are almost always due to ancient wolf genes
that survived many generations, rather than any recent wolf ancestors. These
ancient genes may be a few thousand years old, or may even date back to the
original domestication event 15,000 years ago. They are bits of a wild past
that survive in your dog!<br />
<br />
Your dog’s Wolfiness Score is based on hundreds of markers
across the genome where dogs (or almost all of them) are the same, but wolves
tend to be different. These markers are thought to be related to
"domestication gene sweeps" where early dogs were selected for some
trait. Scientists have known about “domestication gene sweeps” for years, but
do not yet know why each sweep occurred. By finding rare dogs carrying an
ancient variant at a certain marker, we can make associations with behavior,
size, metabolism, and development that likely caused these unique signatures of
“doggyness” in the genome.<br />
<br />
Most dogs have wolfiness scores of 1% or less. We find
populations and breeds with higher scores of 2-4% occasionally, and unique dogs
with scores of 5% or above more rarely. <br />
<br />
<h3>
Our results:</h3>
<br />
Mean:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.83; Low 0.6;
High 11.7.<br />
<br />
3 were less than 1% (2% of the total); 35 of the rest were
less than 4% (72.9% of the total);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6
were above 5% (12.5% of the total).<br />
<br />
<br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-78177296891713905522019-10-25T07:24:00.000-07:002019-10-25T07:24:01.833-07:00The importance of interpreting published work in an unbiased manner.
<br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;">
<div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<br />
Recently<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(22 August
2019) Dr. Tamas Jakkel of the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) gave
a talk “Preserving breeds, debunking myths”. (available on their FB page) In it
he referred to a publication that he claimed showed that pedigree dogs are
healthier than mixed dogs. In reality the exact opposite was true if anyone
looks at the original publication. The publication did find that mixed dogs
have more gDNA alleles that are associated with known health issues. This can
be expected since the mixed dog may well pick up such a gene from both parents
who may have different issues. However what he did not say or recognise or at
worst deliberately hid was that the mixed dogs were nonetheless healthy because
they only had one copy of these mutant genes so were “carriers” rather than “at
risk”. <br />
<br />
There have also been talks given and blogs written giving as
an example that while boxers have the highest numbers of dogs “at risk” for DM
they are not the highest to develop DM. There is of course a simple reason if
we look a little bit deeper. DM effects dogs as they mature and sadly many
boxers simply die too early for DM to show up. <span style="background: white; font-family: "inherit","serif";">"</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #111111; font-family: "&quot","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-right-color: currentColor; border-top-color: currentColor; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; orphans: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">With a median life span of </span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; orphans: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">10.5 years and an
expected range of 9 to 12 years</span></strong><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #111111; font-family: "&quot","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-right-color: currentColor; border-top-color: currentColor; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; orphans: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">, one does not expect a Boxer dog to live far into his teens.
Reasons for this include the quite high cancer rates with this breed and heart
issues. </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "inherit","serif";"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: inherit; float: none; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; orphans: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">"</span> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You
can find the factual explanation and link to the actual publication here. <a href="https://www.instituteofcaninebiology.org/blog/why-do-mixed-breed-dogs-have-so-many-mutations?fbclid=IwAR0TnE_0x7btOwYfS1PFY57W7P6gspw05Fp6bdFe3WXhyEovSvkjF8QfxOg">https://www.instituteofcaninebiology.org/blog/why-do-mixed-breed-dogs-have-so-many-mutations?fbclid=IwAR0TnE_0x7btOwYfS1PFY57W7P6gspw05Fp6bdFe3WXhyEovSvkjF8QfxOg</a><br />
<br />
DM is a big problem in many dogs with Canaan pedigree dogs
being among the most effected – certainly in the USA. I have yet to see figures
for Canaan dogs in Europe but do know that a number of breeders have
experienced this problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have to
remember that being at risk ie. 2 copies of the gene, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to quote Embark DNA testing (run by Boyko of
Cornell University), “Testing positive is predictive of your dog being affected
by this condition, but it is not a final diagnosis nor does it predict when
symptoms may occur or the severity of a condition in your dog.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DM has no cure and is a nasty way for a dog
to die so breeders really need to avoid producing at risk dogs. We also need to
realise that having only one copy nor indeed none, of some of these health <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>issues does not mean a dog may not develop a
problem since outside factors also have a role to play. <br />
<br />
The ONLY way to know the health status of a dog to be used
for breeding is to have it tested and not only for issues known to exist but
for all, unless of course both parents are known to have been affected, or all
dogs in a breed have been previously tested clear. For most breeds of dogs breeders
have to work around this. Simply not using any dog with any of the known
genetic health problems could lead to the loss of other valuable (to breeders)
genes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So what to do? <br />
<br />
If a dog is at risk (2 copies) if bred with a dog known to
be clear (0 copies) then ALL the pups will be carriers, fine if they are never
bred but important to know if down the line an owner decides to breed. If an at
risk dog is bred with a carrier (1 copy) then for each individual puppy born
there is a 50/50 chance it will be at risk or a carrier. It is possible all
will be at risk or all will be carriers. Not worth the risk.<br />
<br />
If a both dogs bred are carriers (1 copy of the gene) then
each pup may have a 25% chance of being clear, a 50% chance of being a carrier,
or a 25% chance of being at risk. Yes once more it is possible all will be
clear, all will be carriers or all will be at risk. There is no way to predict.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again not worth the gamble if we don’t
want to be guilty of producing dogs that will suffer. <br />
<br />
If a dog that is a carrier is bred to a dog that is clear
then each pup has a 50/50 chance of being clear or a carrier. Again not a
problem but needs to be understood and tested if used for breeding. <br />
<br />
For most breeds that’s about all that can be done without
some form of out breeding.<br />
<br />
In the case of the Canaan pedigree dog there remains a
chance of bringing in more freeborn dogs, however it is vital that in doing so
they should be genetically tested FIRST and not used if they have any genetic
health issue. Why go to the trouble and cost of bringing in more problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Embark them first! <br />
<br />
Breeders also need to accept that the type of pariah dogs
that were used to establish the human controlled breed are wide spread and
plentiful as genetic evidence shows. Do they test as “Canaan dogs”? No of
course not because the pedigree dogs come from little over 30 from a relatively
small area, with a few added more recently, so are all now more closely related
and we cannot expect<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to find those close
relatives in the wild, although not impossible. Some of these dogs end up in
shelters where they are invariably neutered but if the desire to preserve an
ancient type was properly explained I believe there could be co-operation set
up to introduce some to the pedigree breeders. This is a unique opportunity for
Canaan breeders and could even be used if handled properly in the long term to
total phase out even carriers of DM and other genetic issues.<br />
<br />
<h1>
<u>Genetic health issues in free born <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“village dogs” versus “Canaan dogs”.</u></h1>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Looking at a greater number of these freeborn dogs than was
used to establish the Canaan pedigree breed, none of these dogs were at risk
for any of the genetic health problems tested by Embark.<u> </u><br />
<br />
9 of 47 (19%) dogs carried one copy of the allele coding for
Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) so 81% were normal. The Orthopaedic Foundation for
Animals (OFA) in USA figures for 1918 show Canaan dogs, a pedigree breed
established in the 1930s from village dogs show an alarming rate of 6.4%
abnormal (at risk) for DM with 38.2% carriers with only 55.4% normal. Compared
to other breeds Canaan dogs ranked a high 22nd. No figures were available for
Canaan dogs in Europe but it is known that DM has been a problem in them.<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 371px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Canaan
dogs</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Village
dogs</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Degenerative Myelopathy </span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At risk</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6.40%</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Carrier</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">38.20%</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Clear</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">55.40%</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">81%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Choroidal hypoplasia,
(Collie eye anomaly)</b> was carried by 2 “village dogs”. These 2 dogs from Umm
al Quwain, UAE were closely related, sharing 40% of their DNA (half siblings).
This does not seem to have been reported in Canaan dogs but surely any new freeborn
dogs added should be tested for all known health issues so as not to inadvertently
create a problem.<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">von Willebrand type 1</b>
a bleeding disorder was carried in 1 dog from Sohar, Oman with 1 copy of the
allele. Again a reason to fully test all new freeborn dogs before adding them
to the pedigree Canaan dogs.<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Low normal ALT </b>25
of 47 dogs (53%) had one copy of the allele coding for low normal ALT and 1 had
2 copies. This does not effect the health of dogs but is important to know
since a dog having this, when suspected of having liver problems, could give an
ALT result generally considered normal but could in fact be raised for that
dog. With a high percentage of this being present at a carrier level. Without
testing pedigree Canaan dogs we simply do not know if it is present in the
breed or not. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-41171048067276983002019-09-21T20:05:00.000-07:002019-09-25T15:10:16.298-07:00Some interesting haplotypes found in Arabian village/desert dogs.<br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;">
<div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"></span><span style="color: blue;"></span><br /></div>
</div>
<br />
Some of the interesting haplotypes found in these dogs with
notes from Embark.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H8.1</b> found in Max
from al Khobar and Pavlova from Dubai. H8.1 - Part of the E haplogroup, this
haplotype has been spotted in <span style="background-color: yellow;">Basenjis, Canaan Dogs</span>, and village dogs spanning
from Africa into the Middle East.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-BtGJhOyqiLXXFFMhlIxhctozTHtDj7cRpYubx_53ofUV9peZpozwzqicjJSCCA0P1Oaz-tMCTCoBT-dBbrM2NFEXmX_IoXywz_caQHE8W6h1o5G5D8idnT1tpmMVba88HJC-ztmQVOI/s1600/Max.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1533" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-BtGJhOyqiLXXFFMhlIxhctozTHtDj7cRpYubx_53ofUV9peZpozwzqicjJSCCA0P1Oaz-tMCTCoBT-dBbrM2NFEXmX_IoXywz_caQHE8W6h1o5G5D8idnT1tpmMVba88HJC-ztmQVOI/s320/Max.jpg" width="306" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H8.4</b> found in
Jimmy from Um al Quwain. H8.4 is found in dogs from the south and east of India.
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrxlOEIDA6X_MtbBLathqDNAcvvzjkrwFFnCs-DvW8zMFQbfMSxGHTZavLjDsdLku78MeAJE8qv7XuvGszRpC9wxip3eq0SXBi3edbhVQVsjZgA2almVj6BxfSzEULl7wLkLzjOJh3s7w/s1600/Jimmy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="485" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrxlOEIDA6X_MtbBLathqDNAcvvzjkrwFFnCs-DvW8zMFQbfMSxGHTZavLjDsdLku78MeAJE8qv7XuvGszRpC9wxip3eq0SXBi3edbhVQVsjZgA2almVj6BxfSzEULl7wLkLzjOJh3s7w/s320/Jimmy.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H9</b> found in Wiley
from Egypt and in Basenjis and African village dogs. <span style="background-color: yellow;">Part of the F haplogroup F
is the odd duck in the family of domestic dog male lineages. This paternal
lineage is genetically closer to wolves, foxes, and jackals than to other dogs.
This indicates that it came into the dog population after dogs were originally
domesticated, when one particularly attractive male wolf mated with a female
dog, over 6,000 years ago.</span> Since then, these dogs found their way into Africa
and Mongolia. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">It hasn't been found
outside those areas except in Basenjis.</span></b> Basenjis are an iconic African
breed, that first made its way to the USA in the early 20th century when a
handful of individuals were imported from the Congo. The Basenji is an ancient
breed which is distantly related to other dog breeds (most of which are
European or Asian), and it has the earliest separation date from all other
breed populations. Unsurprisingly, the F lineage has also been found in African
village dogs, as well as, surprisingly, some samples from Mongolia. The fact
the lineage is found in two very distant places is evidence that it entered the
dog population many thousands of years ago.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C1</b> found in Pack
leader, Jenny and Jimmy from um al Quwain. Jenny and Jimmy are siblings and are
related to Pack leader. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C1 -
Congratulations, C1 is <span style="background-color: yellow;">a very exotic female lineage!</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> It is more closely
associated with maternal lineages found in wolves, foxes and jackals than with
other dog lineages.</span> So it seems dogs in this are group have a common male dog
ancestor who, many thousands of years ago, mated with a female wolf!<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A158</b> found in
Robin from Dubai. A158 - Part of the large A1e haplogroup, we have detected
this haplotype in village dogs in<span style="background-color: yellow;"> India</span>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKcNIXt1LdJIMYms1bzS3Jr_ibe1_51Bz4p5Wo6fKMuntKhlg8pD8cZ6IEu6f7WSonb5Fl_KdDnHwvV9vcAL6s8pJJouv2vqwklulVbHAFkhM_irnhimFI5tZ8R6FbrwxvuEdfM2eqflw/s1600/Robin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKcNIXt1LdJIMYms1bzS3Jr_ibe1_51Bz4p5Wo6fKMuntKhlg8pD8cZ6IEu6f7WSonb5Fl_KdDnHwvV9vcAL6s8pJJouv2vqwklulVbHAFkhM_irnhimFI5tZ8R6FbrwxvuEdfM2eqflw/s320/Robin.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A264</b> found in Cookie
from Jeddah. <span style="background: #fff3db; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A264 - Part of the large A1e haplogroup, this
haplotype occurs in Irish Wolfhounds and village dogs from<span style="background-color: yellow;"> Iraq and Lebanon.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqz4QF1esymDpNTq-5eheBn_f35e6GmOsybAE28hRJDdW-NL9QD-Nv0bHVTRyaqh3sTqq7OOArdFY-VOF1VoPg_jkzWLIA1e7lnI0H59kEaS_hl_Xv01tBCGlitQV47LN7wLuY6k4unxA/s1600/Cookie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1576" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqz4QF1esymDpNTq-5eheBn_f35e6GmOsybAE28hRJDdW-NL9QD-Nv0bHVTRyaqh3sTqq7OOArdFY-VOF1VoPg_jkzWLIA1e7lnI0H59kEaS_hl_Xv01tBCGlitQV47LN7wLuY6k4unxA/s320/Cookie.jpg" width="315" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: #fff3db; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B105</span></b><span style="background: #fff3db; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
found in Honey from Fujairah B105 - Part of the B2 haplogroup, the B105
haplotype occurs most commonly in Middle Eastern Village Dogs. <span style="background-color: yellow;">It's a rare
find! </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyCYOPgAjOP7JJaxw_ggLFNKEb8sk9l3nYDn2YkQT4niM1vwThaTW34_n9I04UC5w74oxLRfZ0MrreUnMU0qUIIV7yMZnEUo8e-9q2Li-l1xHBTWY7CN1_3pnafw0L-6vuG-UTiUyOLVQ/s1600/Honey+Fujairah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="485" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyCYOPgAjOP7JJaxw_ggLFNKEb8sk9l3nYDn2YkQT4niM1vwThaTW34_n9I04UC5w74oxLRfZ0MrreUnMU0qUIIV7yMZnEUo8e-9q2Li-l1xHBTWY7CN1_3pnafw0L-6vuG-UTiUyOLVQ/s320/Honey+Fujairah.jpg" width="191" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: #fff3db; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B77</span></b><span style="background: #fff3db; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
found in Tess from Fujairah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B77 - Part
of the B1 haplogroup, this haplotype occurs most frequently in Japanese Chins.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcaMBcrwtU37A6maEUzqpm3ZCE18V5LcYFzzopE7bEHKyE78a5XXjWaoUQCMw0zsi2n5AA1eAVcu17HBgmbCw4wbcl5hra8t5MpNHcjyvY8bEg0CBVJVQ_Qeu81lIokL1ODM2o-OdKPvs/s1600/Tess2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcaMBcrwtU37A6maEUzqpm3ZCE18V5LcYFzzopE7bEHKyE78a5XXjWaoUQCMw0zsi2n5AA1eAVcu17HBgmbCw4wbcl5hra8t5MpNHcjyvY8bEg0CBVJVQ_Qeu81lIokL1ODM2o-OdKPvs/s320/Tess2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike><span style="color: blue;"></span></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-62707259673486556652019-09-17T22:52:00.000-07:002019-10-04T15:02:34.263-07:00Arabian village dogs<br />
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<u>ARABIAN VILLAGE DOGS</u></h1>
<br />
<br />
<br />
We now have a separate group listed by Embark as Arabian
village dogs, closely related to the earlier single umbrella of Middle-east
village dogs.<br />
<br />
It is widely accepted at present that domestic dogs
originated in south east Asia and that they spread from there in all directions
including through the middle east into Europe and Africa. It is only the last couple
of hundred years that humans created all the hundreds of breeds we have today
by selecting for various traits such as size, temperament etc. In doing so many
genetic material was also lost from these so called pure breeds, either
deliberately or as a consequence of controlled breeding. Today there are still
far more free living dogs in the world than there are these breeds. In much of
the western developed world humans have virtually eliminated these real dogs by
removing them as undesired vermin. Wherever European colonialist went they
considered their breeds as superior to any local dogs and often passed on that
idea. Many so called pure breeds are increasingly having genetic health issues
and some of these problems are particularly associated with particular breeds.
A recent publication looking at genetic health issues in breeds versus mongrels
showed that while the mongrels had more of these genes coding for health issues
than did breeds they were nonetheless healthier. This is because the mongrels
mostly had only one copy of the gene, inherited from one parent while 2 are
required to put the dog at risk. Mongrels by definition being dogs born of
mixed breed parentage and are not the free living pariahs or village dogs that
have never been bred by humans. <br />
<br />
The oldest known petroglyphs of dogs working with humans in Saudi
Arabia show two morphological types, the well-known Saluki sighthound and the
desert pariah as is still to be found throughout the Arabian Peninsula and middle-east.
Many of the papers published refer to middle-east dogs but a closer look at
them also shows that often the bulk of dogs looked at were from further north. <br />
<br />
Following are some facts drawn from studying the DNA of some
of the free born dogs in the Arabian Peninsula performed by Embark.<br />
<br />
Overall predicted Weight: 12.7 to 25.9 mean 19.1 kilograms,
Males mean<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20.8 kg, Females mean<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18.2kg<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wolfiness</b> is
described by Embark as “Most dogs have wolfiness scores of 1% or less. We find
populations and breeds with higher scores of 2-4% occasionally, and unique dogs
with scores of 5% or above more rarely.” Results for the 47 dogs studied here
varied from 0.6 to 25.9 mean 2.86 and only 3 dogs below 1% and 6 dogs above 5%.<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Haplogroups and
haplotypes</u>: </b>As expected there was considerable diversity and there are
probably others since it is impossible to sample every dog . <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Notes on their significance copied from
Embark.<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Paternal
haplogroups</u></b> , A1b=1, D=11, E=3, F=1<br />
<br />
The D paternal lineage is very common in well-known
populations of dogs. Breeds belonging to the D lineage likely have direct male
ancestors that can be traced all the way back to the origin of domestic dogs
themselves! One popular breed that commonly sports a D lineage is the Boxer.
Boxers were developed in the late 19th century from Mastiff dogs, so it is no
surprise that D is well represented among Mastiffs, Bulldogs, as well as
Terriers. Intriguingly, D is also found among Lhasa Apsos, an ancient Tibetan
breed, and Afghan Hounds. While the presence of this lineage in Polynesia or
the New World can be chalked up to interbreeding with European dogs brought
during voyages of discovery or later settlement, D is also well represented
among village dog populations in the Middle East and Africa. If the fact that
we find dogs bearing a D lineage in the Middle East (not to mention the large
amount of diversity among Middle Eastern D lineage males) is any indication of ancient
residence in that region, then the presence among Oceanian village dogs is
peculiar. Rather, it may be that D is part of a broader Eurasian group of
ancient paternal lineages which disappeared from the eastern portion of its
original range, persisting in the island of New Guinea as well as West Asia and
Africa. With the rise of Mastiff breeds, the D lineage received a new life as
it became common among many types of working dogs.<br />
<br />
The E lineage is sticking around to remind dog lovers of a
truly ancient ancestor among all modern domestic dogs. Males with this Y
chromosome type are reminiscent of dog-like canids reaching deep into the most
recent ice age (the Pleistocene). E is much more common among village dogs than
breeds. However, it is found as a minor lineage among the Basenji breed, as
well as the ancient dog, which has been present in the Middle East for
thousands of years. E is present widely among African village dog populations,
as well as among some Mongolian dogs. With its greatest diversity and most
frequent occurrences popping up in the Middle East, this lineage extends all
the way over into India. Thus, African, South Asian, and Central Asian
populations may descend from founders in this region, perhaps somehow tied to
the spread of agriculture.<br />
<br />
A1b - For most of dog history, this haplogroup was probably
quite rare. However, a couple hundred years ago it seems to have found its way
into a prized male guard dog in Europe who had many offspring, including the
ancestors of many European guard breeds such as Doberman Pinchers, St.
Bernards, and Great Danes. Despite being rare, many of the most imposing dogs
on Earth have it; strangely, so do many Pomeranians! Perhaps this explains why
some Poms are so tough, acting like they're ten times their actual size! This
lineage is most commonly found in working dogs, in particular guard dogs. With
origins in Europe, it spread widely across other regions as Europeans took
their dogs across the world.<br />
<br />
F - F is the odd duck in the family of domestic dog male lineages.
This paternal lineage is genetically closer to wolves, foxes, and jackals than
to other dogs. This indicates that it came into the dog population after dogs
were originally domesticated, when one particularly attractive male wolf mated
with a female dog, over 6,000 years ago. Since then, these dogs found their way
into Africa and Mongolia. It hasn't been found outside those areas except in
Basenjis. Basenjis are an iconic African breed, that first made its way to the
USA in the early 20th century when a handful of individuals were imported from
the Congo. The Basenji is an ancient breed which is distantly related to other
dog breeds (most of which are European or Asian), and it has the earliest
separation date from all other breed populations. Unsurprisingly, the F lineage
has also been found in African village dogs, as well as, surprisingly, some
samples from Mongolia. The fact the lineage is found in two very distant places
is evidence that it entered the dog population many thousands of years ago.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Paternal haplotype <span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ha.4/11=1,</span>
H7=6, H7.2=5, H8.1=2, H8.4=1, H9=1<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H7 - Part of the D
haplogroup, this common haplotype has been found in French Bulldogs, Afghan
Hounds, Bull Terriers, and village dogs spanning from South America to Africa
and into the South Pacific.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">H7.2 - Part of the D haplogroup, the
H7.2 haplotype occurs most commonly in Sarplaninacs. We've also spotted it in
Middle Eastern Village Dogs and European Village Dogs.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">H8.1 - Part of the E haplogroup, this
haplotype has been spotted in Basenjis, <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Canaan</span> Dogs, and village dogs spanning from Africa
into the Middle East.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">H8.4 - Part of the E haplogroup, we
have spotted this rare haplotype in village dogs in southern and eastern India.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ha.4/11 - Part of the A1b haplogroup,
this haplotype occurs most frequently in mixed breed dogs.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">H9 - A member of the F haplogroup, this
haplotype is found in Basenjis and village dogs throughout Africa.</span><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">MATERNAL haplogroups</span></u></b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A1a = 3,
A1d = 5, A1e = 13, B1 = 15, B2 = 3, C1 = 3</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A1a is the most common maternal lineage
among Western dogs. This lineage traveled from the site of dog domestication in
Central Asia to Europe along with an early dog expansion perhaps 10,000 years
ago. It hung around in European village dogs for many millennia. Then, about
300 years ago, some of the prized females in the line were chosen as the
founding dogs for several dog breeds. That set in motion a huge expansion of
this lineage. It's now the maternal lineage of the overwhelming majority of
Mastiffs, Labrador Retrievers and Gordon Setters. About half of Boxers and less
than half of Shar-Pei dogs descend from the A1a line. It is also common across
the world among village dogs, a legacy of European colonialism.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A1d This female lineage can be traced
back about 15,000 years to some of the original Central Asian wolves that were
domesticated into modern dogs. The early females that represent this lineage
were likely taken into Eurasia, where they spread rapidly. As a result, many
modern breed and village dogs from the Americas, Africa, through Asia and down
into Oceania belong to this group! This widespread lineage is not limited to a
select few breeds, but the majority of Rottweilers, Afghan Hounds and
Wirehaired Pointing Griffons belong to it. It is also the most common female
lineage among Papillons, Samoyeds and Jack Russell Terriers. Considering its
occurrence in breeds as diverse as Afghan Hounds and Samoyeds, some of this is
likely ancient variation. But because of its presence in many modern European
breeds, much of its diversity likely can be attributed to much more recent
breeding.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A1e - This female lineage likely stems
from some of the original Central Asian wolves that were domesticated into
modern dogs starting about 15,000 years ago. It seemed to be a fairly rare dog
line for most of dog history until the past 300 years, when the lineage seemed
to “explode” out and spread quickly. What really separates this group from the
pack is its presence in Alaskan village dogs and Samoyeds. It is possible that
this was an indigenous lineage brought to the Americas from Siberia when people
were first starting to make that trip themselves! We see this lineage pop up in
overwhelming numbers of Irish Wolfhounds, and it also occurs frequently in
popular large breeds like Bernese Mountain Dogs, Saint Bernards and Great
Danes. Shetland Sheepdogs are also common members of this maternal line, and we
see it a lot in Boxers, too. Though it may be all mixed up with European dogs
thanks to recent breeding events, its origins in the Americas makes it a very
exciting lineage for sure!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B1 - B1 is the second most common
maternal lineage in breeds of European or American origin. It is the female
line of the majority of Golden Retrievers, Basset Hounds, and Shih Tzus, and
about half of Beagles, Pekingese and Toy Poodles. This lineage is also somewhat
common among village dogs that carry distinct ancestry from these breeds. We
know this is a result of B1 dogs being common amongst the European dogs that
their conquering owners brought around the world, because nowhere on earth is
it a very common lineage in village dogs. It even enables us to trace the path
of (human) colonization: Because most Bichons are B1 and Bichons are popular in
Spanish culture, B1 is now fairly common among village dogs in Latin America.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">C1 - Congratulations, C1 is a very
exotic female lineage! It is more closely associated with maternal lineages
found in wolves, foxes and jackals than with other dog lineages. So it seems
dogs in this group have a common male dog ancestor who, many thousands of years
ago, mated with a female wolf! This is not a common lineage in any breed,
though a good number of German Shepherds and Doberman Pinchers are C1. It is
also found in breeds as diverse as Peruvian Inca Orchids and Pekingese; it is
rarely found amongst Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, Siberian Huskies, or
Cocker Spaniels. Despite its fascinating origins, it is widely distributed
around the globe, and even shows up frequently among Peruvian village dogs. It
almost certainly survived at low frequency in Europe for millennia and then was
dispersed outside of Europe by colonialism, though not as successfully as some
other lineages.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Haplotype: A158 = 1, A16/17/99/100 = 1,
A233 = 3, A247 = 4, A264 = 2, A228 = 1, A2a = 1, A361/409/611 = 3, A293 = 1, A414/643
= 1, A424 = 1, A435 = 1, A437 = 4, A494 = 1, B105 = 3, B2a=12, B77 = 1, C1/2 =
1, C34 = 2.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A158 - Part of the large A1e
haplogroup, we have detected this haplotype in village dogs in India.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A16/17/99/100 - Part of the large A1a
haplogroup, this common haplotype is found in village dogs across the globe.
Among breed dogs, we find it most frequently in Labrador Retrievers,
Newfoundlands, German Shepherd Dogs, and Golden Retrievers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A233 - Part of the large A1e haplogroup,
we see this haplotype in village dogs across Central Africa through the Middle
East and into South Asia. As for breeds, we see it in the highest frequency
among Irish Wolfhounds, with some detections in Greyhounds, Posavac Hounds, and
Beagles as well.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A247 - Part of the large A1d
haplogroup, this common haplotype occurs in village dogs all over the world.
Among the 32 breeds we have sampled it in, the most common occurrences include
Boxers, Labrador Retrievers, and Papillons.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A264 - Part of the large A1e haplogroup,
this haplotype occurs in Irish Wolfhounds and village dogs from Iraq and
Lebanon.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A228 – Part of the large A1e
haplogroup, we have spotted this haplotype in village dogs in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and in the Dominican Republic. Among breeds, we see it
frequently in big dogs like Saint Bernards, Leonbergers, and Great Danes.
However, we also see it in small breeds including wire Fox Terriers and Rat
Terriers. That’s a pretty wide size range!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A2a - Part of the large A1e haplogroup,
we see this haplotype in village dogs up and down the Americas as well as
French Polynesia. Among the breed dogs we have detected it in, we see it most
frequently in English Springer Spaniels, Papillons, and Collies.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A361/409/611 -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part of the A1b haplogroup, this haplotype
occurs most frequently in German Shepherd Dogs, Poodles, and Shiloh Shepherds.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A393 - Part of the large A1a
haplogroup, this haplotype occurs most frequently in Yorkshire Terriers,
Russel-type Terriers, and Tibetan Terriers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A414/643 - Part of the A1b haplogroup,
this haplotype occurs most frequently in the English Springer Spaniels.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A424 - Part of the A1d haplogroup, this
haplotype occurs most frequently in American Pit Bull Terriers, Barbets, and
Staffordshire Terriers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A435 - Part of the A1d haplogroup, this
haplotype occurs most frequently in American Pit Bull Terriers, Barbets, and
Staffordshire Terriers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A437 - Part of the A1e haplogroup, the
A437 haplotype occurs most commonly in Brussels Griffons, Armenian Gamprs and
Russell-type Terriers. We've also spotted it in East Asian Village Dogs, Middle
Eastern Village Dogs and American Village Dogs.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B105 - Part of the B2 haplogroup, the
B105 haplotype occurs most commonly in Middle Eastern Village Dogs. It's a rare
find!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B2a - Part of the large B1 haplogroup,
we primarily see this haplotype in Salukis and village dogs in and around the
Fertile Crescent (Egypt through the Middle East).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B77 - Part of the B1 haplogroup, this
haplotype occurs most frequently in Japanese Chins.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">C1/2 - Part of the C1 haplogroup, this
haplotype occurs most frequently in Bouvier des Flandres, Collies, and
Yorkshire Terriers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">C34 - Part of the C1 haplogroup, the
C34 haplotype occurs most commonly in Collies, Anatolian Shepherd Dogs and
Teddy Roosevelt Terriers. We've also spotted it in European Village Dogs and
American Village Dogs.</span><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Genetic health
issues</u></b><br />
<br />
None of these dogs were at risk for any of the genetic
health problems tested by Embark.<br />
<br />
Carriers: <br />
<br />
9 of 47 (19%) dogs carried one copy of the allele coding for
Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) so 81% were normal. The Orthopaedic Foundation for
Animals (OFA) in USA figures for 1918 show Canaan dogs, a pedigree breed
established in the 1930s from village dogs show an alarming rate of 6.4%
abnormal (at risk) for DM with 38.2% carriers with only 55.4% normal. Compared
to other breeds Canaan dogs ranked a high 22<sup>nd</sup>. <br />
<br />
2 carried one copy of the allele coding for choroidal
hypoplasia, (Collie eye anomaly) . These 2 dogs from Umm al Quwain, UAE were
closely related, sharing 40% of their DNA (half siblings).<br />
<br />
1 dog from Sohar, Oman carried 1 copy of the allele for von
Willebrand type 1 a bleeding disorder.<br />
<br />
25 of 47 dogs (53%) had one copy of the allele coding for
low normal ALT and 1 had 2 copies. This is important to know since a dog having
this when suspected of having liver problems could give an ALT result generally
considered normal but could in fact be raised for that dog.<br />
<br />
Sadly the European idea of dog breeds and their “purity” is
still wide spread in thinking. Right now there is a push in the emirate of Umm
al Quwain to remove all of the several hundred free roaming dogs and neuter
them. This may be done with the best intention but ultimately will lead to the
destruction these ancient types that have survived for thousands of years without
human intervention. <br />
<br />
The Canaan dog breed is an attempt to preserve this ancient
type but sadly fails to recognise, even today with DNA testing available, that
there are potential health problems. The breed is based on around 30 dogs
selected mainly on looks and already DM has shown up, particularly in some
breeders who have been inbreeding, something breeders prefer to call line
breeding. While not all the free living dogs have the Canaan look, many do and
there is still a golden opportunity for breeders worldwide to throw out the
outdated kennel club ideas and concentrate on developing one of the healthiest
breeds in the world, which it is not at present. This could be done by
selecting the required look from these dogs wherever they are found and testing
their DNA first to ensure only dogs that do not carry any known genetic problem
are used. It is highly unlikely that any matching the Canaan registered dogs
DNA will be found because all the registered breed dogs are by now probably
already related closely, in human terms as second cousins or closer. Instead efforts to introduce new blood continue to
look for dogs with the “correct” look only without checking their DNA to check that they are not mixed and that they carry no mutant genes.<br />
<br />
Since many of todays breeds would have come from the early dogs it is no surprise to see some uncommon or even rare haplotypes associated with other dogs turn up. All of these dogs show a trace of German shepherd in them as well as a smattering of other breeds. This is not an indication of recent mixed breeding but an indication of the presence of ancient ancestral connection of all dogs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-52304852852682126762019-02-12T05:34:00.000-08:002019-08-29T01:41:29.652-07:00Update on the genetic study of Arabian desert dogs<br />
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin: 32px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: large;">UPDATE ON THE GENETIC STUDY OF
ARABIAN DESERT DOGS</span></u></h1>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Some results of the genetic study under way of our Arabian
pariah desert dogs have been shared with me by Dr.Elaine Ostrander and her team
at the National Institute of Health. All dogs have now been identified. (See below).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF0QDUlFrjryJonRhos6GZ65thn3ZRfIM-BdZ35GZeTLhjuXKqvqdeUFkJ9HbEgcO766cZWjSstxodf9NmD4US-lA3KOCOAnSJYxc1668TL2gF53um4xesEPKIymi-F5waP6Yf2T8yfJ4/s1600/03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF0QDUlFrjryJonRhos6GZ65thn3ZRfIM-BdZ35GZeTLhjuXKqvqdeUFkJ9HbEgcO766cZWjSstxodf9NmD4US-lA3KOCOAnSJYxc1668TL2gF53um4xesEPKIymi-F5waP6Yf2T8yfJ4/s320/03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The dogs cluster in 2 groups, one showing a genetic
connection to Basenjis. This is not surprising considering that Basenji dogs
would have been established from dogs that moved to Africa through the
middle-east so some of their genetic material would be expected to still be found
among dogs of the middle-east. Basenjis have evolved separately now for some
time. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The second cluster is with what is now human controlled
“breed” registered as Canaan dogs. These have the same genetic origin with
Canaan dogs having been selected from a small number based on appearances
without reference to their genetic makeup, since such testing was not available
when the breed was established several generations ago. It is to be expected
that pedigree Canaan dogs would now have less genetic diversity than our
pariahs. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The dogs included in this ongoing work include some born in
Jeddah, <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Al Qassim, Riyadh, Dammam, Doha,
Dubai and other emirates<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>and Sohar. All
of them have an ancient connection and are not mixes of modern dogs. Some had been adopted and living in homes or were in K9 friends, Dubai shelter and some were still living free but were being provided with food and water and had become accustomed to people. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6NepCYjVSwc7-w1-AHR_vHJR3zYv3HdFCGx5kCvOoTNpaG0N-_qt-xus8FgZGoesO-Xs889vdYQj3MvWUXX55iNKKR_-ZkTYonylA7X7C_pH7GVhWIEUSBezX-i1T4QknQe1xXR_SYEE/s1600/Typical+location+before+taken+to+a+shelter+or+home.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6NepCYjVSwc7-w1-AHR_vHJR3zYv3HdFCGx5kCvOoTNpaG0N-_qt-xus8FgZGoesO-Xs889vdYQj3MvWUXX55iNKKR_-ZkTYonylA7X7C_pH7GVhWIEUSBezX-i1T4QknQe1xXR_SYEE/s320/Typical+location+before+taken+to+a+shelter+or+home.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">First is the overall tree as published previously by Elaine
Ostrader et. al. It shows where Canaan dogs fit in the world of dog genetics
but our dogs had not been included when published.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The second diagram is an enlarged small section of this tree
with our desert dogs added and shown in red. As explained by Dr. Ostrander :-</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span>
<br />
<ol start="1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #212121; font-family: "Segoe UI","Segoe UI Web (West European)","Segoe UI",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Roboto","Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" type="1"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<li class="x_MsoListParagraph" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.66px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Small numbers on the lines in black are the bootstrap values. That indicates how many times out of 100 we ran the same data and got the exact sample architecture of the tree. This tree is amazingly good
with most data being at 100%. </li>
<li class="x_MsoListParagraph" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.66px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The Canaan dogs are not necessarily closet to the Saluki. Remember that this is a two dimension graph that can exist in three dimensions. So the branch with the Saluki can be flipped 180 degrees, putting
them closer to anything left of the saluki. What matters here is the branch position. Like a real tree--what is relevant is what branch comes from which larger branch, not the twisted position of the single small branch. So focus on the branch structure. "</li>
</span></ol>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #003000;"></span><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Photographs of the dogs included in these groups and identified
follow. First those clustered with Canaan dogs then those clustered with
Basenjis.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">THANK YOU FOR ALL WHO PARTICIPATED IN THIS, WITHOUT YOU WE
COULD NOT HAVE DONE IT. THESE DOGS ARE IMPORTANT AND DESERVE FULL RECOGNITION
AS A PART OF THE NATIONAL HERITAGE OF THIS PART OF THE WORLD AND THE OVERALL
WORLD OF DOGS. As more information comes to hand I will update it.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyd5q7WgYX8oBTXnAT3yNlMEYcuaMI9DcFGk3WFCkWw4rn92fBIbqA9exISedZKZIixNUnjKDrRR7dJHppY3eemWj5QzZSXDZoJOO9UMcGTuvPQzKx9VmK2O_J-Sw7-yeAW5xHhUxL4N8/s1600/Ancient+breeds.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="628" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyd5q7WgYX8oBTXnAT3yNlMEYcuaMI9DcFGk3WFCkWw4rn92fBIbqA9exISedZKZIixNUnjKDrRR7dJHppY3eemWj5QzZSXDZoJOO9UMcGTuvPQzKx9VmK2O_J-Sw7-yeAW5xHhUxL4N8/s400/Ancient+breeds.JPG" width="400" /></a></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTsFiTnzao2zEpoz4G6GBVkOP7nN665TYMOs_RsWAGmuhUJXFERGRqu9lWtwZUSlePUCvD6j-SY4GQa9wxF5_j_fY7RF_b_htgC_Jxt7CP6w-ST881uDU6ahLpnl_estl863Ka2RL9jMo/s1600/Pariah+tree.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="958" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTsFiTnzao2zEpoz4G6GBVkOP7nN665TYMOs_RsWAGmuhUJXFERGRqu9lWtwZUSlePUCvD6j-SY4GQa9wxF5_j_fY7RF_b_htgC_Jxt7CP6w-ST881uDU6ahLpnl_estl863Ka2RL9jMo/s400/Pariah+tree.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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</div>
<h1 align="center" style="margin: 32px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: large;">Clustered with Canaan dogs</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: large;"><br /></span></u></h1>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(In order from left to right on the tree)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Dave and Roxx have rear dew claws.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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</div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hannah</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV-0iT8DVm68scSJ7Jsc3Vo8jMCrKy_11avK_fAZvA8jKXIJFAtSGGBnvZW6vNxqnCsmXPXF1BK8xiKU2k7c7ySRb-J6Pu-IToy8YNz6XKhzYTMTw_1hkF-a6jMspg4VnsuZDh1r_IbNU/s1600/Hannah+%252804%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV-0iT8DVm68scSJ7Jsc3Vo8jMCrKy_11avK_fAZvA8jKXIJFAtSGGBnvZW6vNxqnCsmXPXF1BK8xiKU2k7c7ySRb-J6Pu-IToy8YNz6XKhzYTMTw_1hkF-a6jMspg4VnsuZDh1r_IbNU/s320/Hannah+%252804%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Figa</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrRNkCoYYqOibkI5sRwW-om8WfurZi43ouFQVQ3crkoVQFpVkBc1CWwRXScQeWU7zv6NyxFvd6Sk1Kcpd4ktdv7pmRa7xh394rLVZRFYFme9f-XqsCFLwtyiDAI_PfSYIS122voLXG7Ho/s1600/Figa+%252805%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrRNkCoYYqOibkI5sRwW-om8WfurZi43ouFQVQ3crkoVQFpVkBc1CWwRXScQeWU7zv6NyxFvd6Sk1Kcpd4ktdv7pmRa7xh394rLVZRFYFme9f-XqsCFLwtyiDAI_PfSYIS122voLXG7Ho/s320/Figa+%252805%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Pack leader</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxl-IFRkgIt8G5c5nTsGNFFBZ469d_7prR3DVWlJSKjl4rlgTzBGufXqYz9OHvcpHfyYSLI-HGKFVP76k0Rb-FlbGg-Ft2u8hPpIfan4Yvsi4dFFU1BX7vIDd0BLucuTbbCaeeLDjebl0/s1600/Pack+leader+%252801%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxl-IFRkgIt8G5c5nTsGNFFBZ469d_7prR3DVWlJSKjl4rlgTzBGufXqYz9OHvcpHfyYSLI-HGKFVP76k0Rb-FlbGg-Ft2u8hPpIfan4Yvsi4dFFU1BX7vIDd0BLucuTbbCaeeLDjebl0/s320/Pack+leader+%252801%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b>Jenny</b></div>
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<b>Jimmy</b></div>
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<b>Robin</b></div>
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<b>Genevieve</b></div>
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<b>Melli</b></div>
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<b>Lilly</b></div>
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<b>Hope</b></div>
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<b>Faraji</b></div>
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<b>Dave</b></div>
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<b>Dasha</b></div>
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<b>Coconut</b></div>
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<b>Esra</b></div>
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<b>Lucas</b></div>
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<b>Lara</b></div>
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<b>Luna</b></div>
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<b>Rocky</b></div>
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<b>Bobbi</b></div>
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<b>Roxx</b></div>
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<b>Aswad</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMNG8fxdcECXUUAkQmOZ2wCv8jRyGURtXUXF2Eq9uMvnFaFh3awp4gs-sCQXg3geKKhk3xNRvqVT27ciE4-M0lYCuMdUG7wzKmYY8QVen_pCtK1RkDfzPrF5yu9Bv_23Q4_sOEF_oiOk/s1600/Aswad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMNG8fxdcECXUUAkQmOZ2wCv8jRyGURtXUXF2Eq9uMvnFaFh3awp4gs-sCQXg3geKKhk3xNRvqVT27ciE4-M0lYCuMdUG7wzKmYY8QVen_pCtK1RkDfzPrF5yu9Bv_23Q4_sOEF_oiOk/s320/Aswad.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Dolly</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGt18vOrojbjTi-A7G9F0jiP9sZAC9l4s_-DAl_zK4ZLScWxMzKQKh0deqxSJ0ZezEsniOwjKV_o2hh8X-Vv1d2zP0PuH3RTUau7pAJ4m0LP_6UfN1h_iO7queWqoHrPG2x2VtbXdkUqg/s1600/Dolly.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGt18vOrojbjTi-A7G9F0jiP9sZAC9l4s_-DAl_zK4ZLScWxMzKQKh0deqxSJ0ZezEsniOwjKV_o2hh8X-Vv1d2zP0PuH3RTUau7pAJ4m0LP_6UfN1h_iO7queWqoHrPG2x2VtbXdkUqg/s320/Dolly.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Pavlova</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNanOs2y91JENxrqo-y5JD-25IXfY6vSodvRsGdCb8faXpzXrIcREiu0dQflwQD-wOVEboPC1PlsAELy3AHb9KUHtwNYeW0ZmodR4Ea4j8kE0MfywNFp6K83CaihqXmVNZXr1h13-Iiww/s1600/Pavlova.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNanOs2y91JENxrqo-y5JD-25IXfY6vSodvRsGdCb8faXpzXrIcREiu0dQflwQD-wOVEboPC1PlsAELy3AHb9KUHtwNYeW0ZmodR4Ea4j8kE0MfywNFp6K83CaihqXmVNZXr1h13-Iiww/s320/Pavlova.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Tiara</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0J-Js0939Jt4nr-6sCoL46WAOxM5RS_eXj30KDmJEHc5u2imV3tM0yjWqIEMrCTT_rfVvKDLFz6S_F-c3bEYR7pcc4JWZyWTuyKxU0TfuEajcKP3jDiVf9knP-vjp582fq8bk0c80kGM/s1600/Tiara.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0J-Js0939Jt4nr-6sCoL46WAOxM5RS_eXj30KDmJEHc5u2imV3tM0yjWqIEMrCTT_rfVvKDLFz6S_F-c3bEYR7pcc4JWZyWTuyKxU0TfuEajcKP3jDiVf9knP-vjp582fq8bk0c80kGM/s320/Tiara.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><b></b><br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">Clustered close to Basenji</span></u></b></div>
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(In order from left to right on the tree)</div>
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<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
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<b>Cookie</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMMx00nLStvYcjXAlOO0XAUSwAM_2FbuMmbOFmoKQxkR62Bhf8axY17DQ75oBYvP8eTOivRympPQ3aynb87vk3udZeHj7_7_7bThPBXI6ZEYUjFGNSYvUXH3RVn0KB6UVZyzLn_V9Br0/s1600/Cookie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMMx00nLStvYcjXAlOO0XAUSwAM_2FbuMmbOFmoKQxkR62Bhf8axY17DQ75oBYvP8eTOivRympPQ3aynb87vk3udZeHj7_7_7bThPBXI6ZEYUjFGNSYvUXH3RVn0KB6UVZyzLn_V9Br0/s320/Cookie.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Foxy</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimMMDK3S9nYUB2cPPYmcV6nWK2-OanWmNJ6nlOY3T4VuSjn18nUq50ZPF7n_Vi15bNHMRvXlJrieV9Fp727ZqSMBAxwCLQ3gZNE6D7O5VDXYEGEapheBLWrAuBfLwybpghbPGwFU-0wkc/s1600/Foxy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimMMDK3S9nYUB2cPPYmcV6nWK2-OanWmNJ6nlOY3T4VuSjn18nUq50ZPF7n_Vi15bNHMRvXlJrieV9Fp727ZqSMBAxwCLQ3gZNE6D7O5VDXYEGEapheBLWrAuBfLwybpghbPGwFU-0wkc/s320/Foxy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Savvy</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW5eVAYUtmHFKk0MBb-Ar-EALCrddWmKNRFBrcSa9dG2i4xXrLPEiR-KpFqiwI_no3hOXMMz4l3-iUfcXaTVn9XxpzK4zYDOkrri9TaEBHBinHanbzIH3DbGj-iBpKksWDl1BuolL0n00/s1600/Savvy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW5eVAYUtmHFKk0MBb-Ar-EALCrddWmKNRFBrcSa9dG2i4xXrLPEiR-KpFqiwI_no3hOXMMz4l3-iUfcXaTVn9XxpzK4zYDOkrri9TaEBHBinHanbzIH3DbGj-iBpKksWDl1BuolL0n00/s320/Savvy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Sandy</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNvKg-SpqIeRiFOK6NX_uwTQirW4Ss_Cim1fd2VhxfAqLD6SH6Bg6pGW11j9qqn4KWImTwX8VFXnj27cCrJ_8iRlJLVwaZcWfLVbyfWmYmHsa4AFcrv4qx3eaTHX1zPy_6YZepuKaYb3c/s1600/Sandy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="960" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNvKg-SpqIeRiFOK6NX_uwTQirW4Ss_Cim1fd2VhxfAqLD6SH6Bg6pGW11j9qqn4KWImTwX8VFXnj27cCrJ_8iRlJLVwaZcWfLVbyfWmYmHsa4AFcrv4qx3eaTHX1zPy_6YZepuKaYb3c/s320/Sandy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div align="center" style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Brandy</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(no photo)</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Shayboo</span></b></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(No photo)</span></b></div>
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<div align="center" style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Nina</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(No photo)</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">McKenzie</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(No photo)</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Spock</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(No photo)</span></b></div>
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<b>Max</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYzbKLImgtk3-zg4161OxhLJ5EF2AjLVIrGaS7ePePv5wmdChP7XHywz1JjVYnYGZc7VFlLabF3YVeCO9OKlRZPE5PoYlY9A3kFBsBVsagZDCgyu08OkoJT1LSU_wsClymUlODuVM6Zo/s1600/Max.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYzbKLImgtk3-zg4161OxhLJ5EF2AjLVIrGaS7ePePv5wmdChP7XHywz1JjVYnYGZc7VFlLabF3YVeCO9OKlRZPE5PoYlY9A3kFBsBVsagZDCgyu08OkoJT1LSU_wsClymUlODuVM6Zo/s320/Max.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Molly</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4xHsNhhj9V8Boed2NzpYsGfnPkw-Mmb0TWO6o_LgaJdrA3oQmASBzT-aelTezl473etIxAGHUt_bN9sAFX9RceW98kOWEhZcO-iH_lt3hL8IzItp0gYapQoxeP8bTNtWkYYkXWlvEIs/s1600/Molly.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4xHsNhhj9V8Boed2NzpYsGfnPkw-Mmb0TWO6o_LgaJdrA3oQmASBzT-aelTezl473etIxAGHUt_bN9sAFX9RceW98kOWEhZcO-iH_lt3hL8IzItp0gYapQoxeP8bTNtWkYYkXWlvEIs/s320/Molly.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Bella</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR8qjEr7hRNSqstxMc1CIMvUQy9WMUURQyhEjJWhgRSSiHdVtHGLXzUaeZ1IcLvPUmGyftgqczxLHy5qdV-TOnBY6sX_ZxMtKSSGKSacjTJS3LAkzAyYzRF4u4NFzLeevDjGaOz2D-R8k/s1600/Bella.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR8qjEr7hRNSqstxMc1CIMvUQy9WMUURQyhEjJWhgRSSiHdVtHGLXzUaeZ1IcLvPUmGyftgqczxLHy5qdV-TOnBY6sX_ZxMtKSSGKSacjTJS3LAkzAyYzRF4u4NFzLeevDjGaOz2D-R8k/s320/Bella.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Jasmine</b></div>
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(in front)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsWEQrXpRhbF9lFDPr42lqo1ej0xJ8yv0dxkvoN00YhMddjpPJJQSWGMw7UIsjzb1feXFfwIapT8xfh3LMnIvVTfNIiQF0QcK270cC12Cs5up6qOht4czy3iWD02u2dqJ8A8X_w3DOyHQ/s1600/Jasmine+%2528in+front%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsWEQrXpRhbF9lFDPr42lqo1ej0xJ8yv0dxkvoN00YhMddjpPJJQSWGMw7UIsjzb1feXFfwIapT8xfh3LMnIvVTfNIiQF0QcK270cC12Cs5up6qOht4czy3iWD02u2dqJ8A8X_w3DOyHQ/s320/Jasmine+%2528in+front%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Jinn</b></div>
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(no photo)</div>
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<b>Joann</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDop4lf9BRIsF2DuDS2ULe4KHojs_tTA2D1y3wpcXM5DU_RmImsIdSVBXvDGoPbXnWQW22tQbL1YAUPfmcEFSJNp0AHVBDaU2M1FJAXn409h6ZQcAPW1saSRBCfwdtpis3KEvFZFiw8Mo/s1600/Joann.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDop4lf9BRIsF2DuDS2ULe4KHojs_tTA2D1y3wpcXM5DU_RmImsIdSVBXvDGoPbXnWQW22tQbL1YAUPfmcEFSJNp0AHVBDaU2M1FJAXn409h6ZQcAPW1saSRBCfwdtpis3KEvFZFiw8Mo/s320/Joann.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Leila</b></div>
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(no photo)</div>
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<b>Honey</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TWjuEih9X3vohpoj_0TgQKDPTJhAUXpBbQYXWkwzMwhJEg9K2gTNsJDhowGhissOEQXTDb4ncQdVfpR9EARmp6wlCC_a79CEHT5tQm_dKG304EJiUTiTGTgn9jlX9REnvRVUxLygBxc/s1600/Honey+Fujairah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="540" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TWjuEih9X3vohpoj_0TgQKDPTJhAUXpBbQYXWkwzMwhJEg9K2gTNsJDhowGhissOEQXTDb4ncQdVfpR9EARmp6wlCC_a79CEHT5tQm_dKG304EJiUTiTGTgn9jlX9REnvRVUxLygBxc/s320/Honey+Fujairah.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<b>Doodle</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguf9vVcRX-KA8KT7W3PvJ4mOSE-oVScWsfW8u3Yxkew-B8Smnsno-KMJLyXOCrS1nUQdVYY7aHguIXQkkGgCeb_NxLFuM7N_AQGbnMmQGAW6ZvFAT4wplRn4abRT3gIHXIqqrEqekbOVQ/s1600/Doodle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguf9vVcRX-KA8KT7W3PvJ4mOSE-oVScWsfW8u3Yxkew-B8Smnsno-KMJLyXOCrS1nUQdVYY7aHguIXQkkGgCeb_NxLFuM7N_AQGbnMmQGAW6ZvFAT4wplRn4abRT3gIHXIqqrEqekbOVQ/s320/Doodle.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Tess</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9QFU5V7CV3rq03B5VvG11luFOnSA11Jt-KA560pDWfuaRu-FUjrEXgrXRTGdwE8QAGTfcoXIbXOCFGE7Dfxu4aFuYTWU3PxMBn2q6X7Lh-SlyacdrbmjSP42_OhnkyVOhUcvytkj4NY0/s1600/Tess2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9QFU5V7CV3rq03B5VvG11luFOnSA11Jt-KA560pDWfuaRu-FUjrEXgrXRTGdwE8QAGTfcoXIbXOCFGE7Dfxu4aFuYTWU3PxMBn2q6X7Lh-SlyacdrbmjSP42_OhnkyVOhUcvytkj4NY0/s320/Tess2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Ben</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCoIwpM-oYAZxO9qpVOjT1jF8PBxXBgN3W6hVOVsYUM8zgFH0FBUx6_vgLNUMbPL5C0fO9EkhhJl6jwVqXrvUfoYDUp-H7Nts1GIMu1h4qdyyvQjxCmLglsB9-MlwDfb4X77rO2D9aoTk/s1600/Ben.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCoIwpM-oYAZxO9qpVOjT1jF8PBxXBgN3W6hVOVsYUM8zgFH0FBUx6_vgLNUMbPL5C0fO9EkhhJl6jwVqXrvUfoYDUp-H7Nts1GIMu1h4qdyyvQjxCmLglsB9-MlwDfb4X77rO2D9aoTk/s320/Ben.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><u>List of all dogs included</u> </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">30606 Pack Leader Carstens, 30609 Hannah Carstens, 30610
Figa Carstens, 30611 Dasha Carstens, 30612 Dave Carstens, 30613 Lara Carstens,
30614 Genevieve Carstens, 30615 Luna Carstens, 30616 Melli Carstens, 30617 Lucas
Carstens, 30621 Habibi Groenewald, 30622 Coconut Schroeter, 30624 Bobby K9,
30625 Pavlova K9, 30626 Tiara k9, 30627 Molly Groenwald, 30628, Robin Hart,
30630 Max Beadle, 30631 Savvy Doust, 30632 Cookie Witt, 30633 Sandy Bennett,
30634 Shayboo Androski, 30635 Brandy Androski, 30636 Mckenzie Hassell, 30637
Nina Golez Chang, 30638 Spock Hald, 30639 Roxx Schroeter, 30640 Foxy Velasco,
30852 Jenny Carstens, 30853 Jimmy Carstens, 31081 Honey Carruthers, 31082 Tess
Carruthers, 31083 Jinn Crowley, 31084 Joann Groenewald, 31085 Ben Groenwald,
31086 Jasmine Groenwald, 31087 Bella Groenwald, 31088 Doodle K9, 31089 Aswad
K9, 31090 Esra K9, 31091 Glitter K9, 31092 Faraji K9, 31093 Dolly K9, 31094
Hope K9, 31095 Leila Kawpevis, 31098 Lilly Koerth, 31099 Rocky Koerth</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span>
<b><u><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Geographic areas and group</span></u></b></div>
<b><u><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></u></b>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><u>Al Khobar (Basenji group)</u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Max </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><u>Dharan (Basenji group)</u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Savvy, Sandy, Brandy, Mckenzie, Nina, Spock, Shayboo, Foxy</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><u>Dubai (Canaan group)</u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Coconut, Trixie, Bobbi, Pavlova, Tiara, Robin, Roxx, Glitter,
Aswad, Hope, Feraji, Lilly, Rocky, Esra, Dolly</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dubai (Basenji group)</span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Doodle</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Fujaira (Basenji group)</span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Honey, Tess, Leila</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Jeddah</span></u><br />
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br /></u>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Cookie</span><br />
<u></u><u></u><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sohar (Basenji group)</span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Bella, Ben, Molly, Joann, Jasmine</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
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<u><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Umm Al Quwain (Canaan group)</span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pack Leader, Neo, Hannah, Figa, Dave, Dasha, Lara, Genevieve,
Luna, Melli, Lucas, Jenny, Jimmy</span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<b><u>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><b></b><u></u>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-38923683552004822542018-10-27T05:31:00.000-07:002018-10-27T05:31:08.240-07:00
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<h2 align="center" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;">
The difference between
“pedigree” and “pure” dogs.</h2>
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<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;"><b>A pedigree</b> is nothing more than a record of parentage kept
by kennel clubs. It is basically a family tree going back some generations. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;"><b>A pure dog</b> of any breed is one that shows no evidence in its
DNA of any other breed amongst its ancestors. It needs to be understood that
there are no genetic markers that prove a dog is pure.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">There is no requirement for pedigree dogs to have been
checked using DNA analysis to prove the purity or health of any of the dogs. This
is not surprising since until recently accurate DNA testing was not available. Most
breeds have only come into being within the last couple of hundred years
through human manipulation to obtain a desired function, look, or temperament. Some
breeds were established by mixing other breeds to obtain the desired type of
dog. Pedigree dogs have gone through a genetic bottleneck with loss of natural
genetic diversity and often an increase in genetic health issues as an
unintended side effect. Since breed registers are closed and not all dogs born
are used to breed, the genetic diversity is likely to decline further. <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span><span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Some
breeds such as the brachycephalic (short snouted) ones are in reality deformed
and have breathing problems and should no longer be bred regardless of them
having a pedigree. Others have been bred with a view to wining shows, which of
course helps to sell them, but also in some cases may have a negative impact on
their health. Any attempt to now eliminate these genes that are associated with
health issues would of course also lead to further reduction in the overall
genetic diversity of pedigree dogs in already closed pools, so is a complicated
process. Other factors may also be involved and the likelihood of a dog
developing health issues can be seen as a sliding scale, with absence of a
given problem occurring being lowest in a dog without the associated gene, with
an increasing chance in a dog with one copy of the gene (considered a carrier)
to a greater risk in those with 2 copies of the gene (at risk). In some breeds,
such as the Rhodesian Ridgeback, there is even a requirement in the breed
standard that they have what is known to be associated with a risk. Open dermal
sinus that need surgical intervention, have a greater chance of developing in
ridged dogs and yet some breeders have gone on public record saying they
euthanize any dog born without a ridge ie. the healthier ones may be killed!
But hey they have a pedigree and come from “responsible” breeders.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">Embark describes how breed analysis is done as follows:- “Breed
analysis is based on comparing your dog’s DNA with the DNA of dogs from over
250 breeds, types and varieties. All dogs are related and share some DNA.
Siblings share lots of their DNA (half of it in fact), cousins share a bit less
(an eighth), and so on. Because dog breeds are made up of a closed group of
dogs, all dogs in that breed share a lot of their DNA, typically about as much
as second cousins, though it varies by breed. Different breeds that are closely
related share somewhat less DNA, and dogs from very different breeds share even
less DNA (but still much more DNA than either dog shares with a cat). </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">DNA is inherited in pieces, called chromosomes, that are
passed along from parent to offspring. Each generation, these chromosomes are
broken up and shuffled a bit in a process known as recombination. So, the
length of the segments your dog shares with his ancestors decreases with each
generation above him: he shares longer segments with his mom than his grandma,
longer segments with his grandma than his great-grandma, and so on. </span><span style="color: #070000; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">We can use the length of segments a dog shares with our
reference dogs to see how many generations it has been since they last shared
an ancestor. Long segments of DNA that are identical to known purebred dogs
tell Embark's scientists that Roxx has, without a doubt, a relative from that
breed. By testing over </span><strong><span style="color: #070000; font-family: "&quot","serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">200,000 genetic markers</span></strong><span style="color: #070000; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">, we build up his genes one DNA segment at a time, to learn the
ancestry with great certainty. Other dog DNA tests look at fewer than 10,000 genetic
markers and have to take a guess at breed ancestry based on that. In a small
proportion of cases, we find dogs that don’t share segments with other dogs we
have tested, indicating the presence of a rare breed that is not part of our
reference panel or possibly a true "village dog" without any purebred
relatives at all. In these rare cases we contact the owner to find out more and
let them know about their unique dog before they get their results. With this
in-depth detective work, </span><strong><span style="color: #070000; font-family: "&quot","serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">we are pushing science forward</span></strong><span style="color: #070000; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;"> by identifying genetically unique groups of dogs.” </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: calibri;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">Many freeborn pariah dogs, also known as landrace or village
dogs worldwide have been shown to be 100% pure. They seldom have a pedigree,
often have fewer health problems,<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>since
natural selection often means less chance that those with health issue would
survive, and they maintain the wide genetic diversity that nature gave them.
These dogs are not mixed mongrels or strays, but of course those do occur as
well. In general they also have lower coefficient of inbreeding than do most
pedigree dogs, a factor that also makes them more likely to be healthy.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">Copy and paste the following links to your web search to see
the results of just 2 of the natural pariah Arabian desert dogs of the type
used to establish the human controlled Canaan breed. There are links on them to
other similar dogs and there is no reason anyone looking to adopt a dog from
the middle east could not get it tested if they are concerned about what other
dogs may be in its genetic makeup or that it could have hidden health issues .
The OFA testing done on pedigree dogs in the USA is not expensive and few
pedigree dogs used to breed have been tested by Embark for the over 150
potential genetic diseases they may or may not have.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">embk.me/roxx2</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">embk.me/sasha37 </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">Some of the first DNA breed testing, as well as some still
current, use older technology and were not accurate but newer ones currently
look at 200 000 or more alleles with good accuracy. Embark remains the only one
with data on “village dogs”.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Embark also
does have DNA identification for Canaan dogs but sadly for some reason no owner
has allowed the data to be shown publically, for reasons known only to them.
With less than 30 dogs having been tested no overall statistical data can be
provided on pedigree Canaan dogs. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">So what do we know of the health of pedigree Canaan dogs. Well
we know that a famous Italian breeder stopped breeding for a while after it was
found that all her inbred dogs had a health issue. We know that “My dog DNA” (<a href="https://mydogdna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">https://mydogdna.com/</span></a>) has identified a renal
disorder in pedigree Canaan dogs known as hyperuricosuria (HUU). Hyperuricosuria
(HUU) is an inherited disorder in dogs that can cause hyperuricemia and
predisposes affected dogs to the development of urolithiasis (urate stones) in
the kidneys and bladder. The disease is very common in Dalmatians but is seen
in several other breeds as well. Hyperuricosuria is inherited in an autosomal
recessive manner. The Embark DNA analysis tests for this as well as over 150
other potential genetic health issues. This condition causes kidney and bladder
stones composed of urate; if caught early, it is responsive to dietary
management. Uric acid is an intermediate of purine metabolism. In most dogs,
uric acid is converted to allantoin, an inert substance that is then excreted
in the urine. Dogs with HUU have defects in the pathway that converts uric acid
to allantoin. As such, uric acid builds up, crystallizes and forms urate stones
in the kidney and bladder. While hyperuricemia in other species (including
humans) can lead to painful conditions such as gout, dogs do not develop
systemic signs of hyperuricemia. Urate stones are invisible on X-rays and must
be diagnosed by a veterinarian via ultrasound or urine sediment analysis. If
left undiagnosed, bladder stones can lead to urinary obstruction, which can be
life threatening.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">In the USA a number of Canaan dogs have been tested by the
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) looking mainly for orthopaedic issues
and that they recommend testing pedigree Canaan dogs for Hip dysplasia, Elbow
dysplasia, Patella luxation, Eyes, Auto immune thyroiditis</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">They also say “</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arimo","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">The breed
specific list below represents the basic health screening recommendations. It
is not all encompassing. There may be other health screening tests appropriate
for this breed.”</span><u><span style="color: blue; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: calibri;"> </span></span></u><span style="color: #555555; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<a href="https://www.ofa.org/about/ofa-fees"><span style="color: blue; font-family: calibri;">https://www.ofa.org/about/ofa-fees</span></a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">When ranked with position 1 being the worst, Auto- immune
thyroiditis in Canaan dogs Ranked 31 out of 114 breeds where more than 50 have
been tested. 6% were positive of 167 tested. 13% were abnormal and a further
6.6% gave equivocal results. At any point in the dogs life a negative result
does not rule out future development of this occurring thus in the dogs life
time it is possible a greater number could be effected.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">Degenerative myelopathy was worse, ranked 22 with only 55%
giving normal results and 38% were carriers.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: calibri;"><a href="https://www.ofa.org/diseases/breed-statistics#detail">https://www.ofa.org/diseases/breed-statistics#detail</a></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifB4ALg7BTN_rP7-xyBEswESyzkAuliUj9702bIk5Zob7fncZHddm9rd2wxzrCw2CSfZXYRaAQ3P_tMcg5UahEcJFjoyjZfAmjecqKwTBmyLHdtKfBVsHfwN3jDg_cIN3tltU6Zoffsf4/s1600/Canaan+ofa.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="1001" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifB4ALg7BTN_rP7-xyBEswESyzkAuliUj9702bIk5Zob7fncZHddm9rd2wxzrCw2CSfZXYRaAQ3P_tMcg5UahEcJFjoyjZfAmjecqKwTBmyLHdtKfBVsHfwN3jDg_cIN3tltU6Zoffsf4/s400/Canaan+ofa.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: calibri;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "&quot","serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">Degenerative myelopathy</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;"> of dogs (also called </span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "&quot","serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">chronic
degenerative radiculomyelopathy</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">) is an
inherited disease that occurs in German Shepherds, Pembroke Welsh Corgis, Boxers,
Rhodesian Ridgebacks, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, and other breeds. Affected
dogs exhibit degeneration of nerve fibers (axons) and the sheath that surrounds
them (myelin). Dogs with the condition are usually older than 8 years of age
and slowly start to display nonpainful incoordination and weakness of the hind
limbs. It can be confused with orthopedic disorders (such as arthritis), but
dogs with degenerative myelopathy have difficulty sensing and placing their
feet normally whereas arthritic dogs do not. Unfortunately, there is no
specific treatment for the disease, and most affected dogs are euthanized
within 1–3 years. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<a href="https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders-of-dogs/disorders-of-the-spinal-column-and-cord-in-dogs"><span style="color: blue; font-family: calibri;">https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders-of-dogs/disorders-of-the-spinal-column-and-cord-in-dogs</span></a><span style="margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">The testing done by the OFA is very limited looking at only
8 issues compared with over 150 known genetic health issues so has very limited
value.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">All breeders are individuals and most responsible ones do
take steps to be careful the dogs they breed are healthy as far as possible but
statements that Canaan dogs bred for sale are somehow healthier than those
directly introduced from rescue groups simply do not stack up. The Canaan breed
was established from some 30 founders simply collected from the local pariahs,
mostly from Israel but one of the first in the UK came from Jordan after an
overland move to Libya with Bedouin. Myrna Shiboleth also has added dogs
rescued in Jordan and yet says <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>"Rescue group that rescues street dogs,
love to call them Canaans, but they are not". Yes it is true that most
rescue groups give an identity to their dogs because potential adopters ask and
they may be wrong and some do think that every dog found in the middle east is
a Canaan which is not the case. No one can claim none of them are Canaan dogs
without even seeing them anymore than they can all be called Canaan’s. A number
of shelters in the USA also tag dogs as Canaan dogs which in some cases have
probably not been bred by Canaan breeders and have not come from the middle
east. It has been claimed that some 200 rescue dogs are imported to the USA
annually and that 60 (a guess) dogs labelled as Canaan dogs have asked (and
been rejected) for help in homing them through the Canaan rescue network. No
supporting facts were presented to show that these dogs all originated in the
middle east so this claim is meaningless.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">How is it that in the USA it is claimed that all responsible
breeders will always take back a dog they have bred if no longer wanted and yet
there is a need for a Canaan Dog rescue that admits to “ 4-5 legitimate Canaan
rehome requests for help in a year “ out of an estimated “50 to 70 true Canaan
pups are born yearly”. That’s as many as 10% needing to be re-homed and not
taken back by the breeder! </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">People involved in trying to home dogs in the middle east
are NOT profit making groups that rely on selling deliberately bred dogs for a
living. They manage entirely on fund raising and help from volunteers and some
have considerable debt at veterinary practices that have to make money to stay
in practice but still do all they can to help.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">One of the often stated points of pedigree Canaan dogs is
that they are a primitive (I prefer ancient) type so why is it claimed by a
Canaan person that this is some sort of bad thing in a middle east dog?</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">The USA, like most countries, has its own health checks and
requirements before a dog can be imported and while there has been a case of
imported rabies as a result of false documentation from Egypt it was picked up
during quarantine and rabies already exists in the USA so just what “weird
diseases and parasites” are going to enter the USA that are not already there?</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">I am as passionate as anyone about the need to preserve
these dogs with an ancient heritage but to claim that the pariahs used to
establish the Canaan “breed” are only found in Israel shows a lack of knowledge
and is not supported by what facts we know. Yes they are a type with ancient
heritage but to say they are the oldest type in the world is unsubstantiated
and not true considering what we presently know of ancient types. Nor is it
accurate to say that these pariahs are becoming rare worldwide. Only some 15%
of the worlds dogs are pets and an almost insignificant percentage are pedigree
dogs.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>(Coppinger and Coppinger “What is
a dog”). The whole situation of dogs in the middle east and in other countries
is vastly different to that in the western world and this is something people
living in the USA or other “developed” countries unfortunately fail to
understand, as do many expat westerners living in the middle east who tend to
see homeless dogs through the limited experience they have in their home countries
where pariahs are not found. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">If Canaan breeders genuinely want to preserve these dogs and
seek “to still bring in and preserve extant free living dogs and their
bloodlines” then it is high time they recognised that there are thousands of
these dogs out there. They also need to understand the true history of these
dogs, something that has far greater significance than the made up story aimed
at selling pups of pariahs, initially in Israel. As Myrna Shiboleth stated
recently in her open letter: “When I started with the Canaans, nobody in
Israel, other than my mentor, Prof. Rudolphina Menzel, and her few supporters,
considered them to be anything other than an Arab street dog and garbage dump
scavenger.” While dogs know nothing of human nationality, religious or cultural
divisions, that of course is precisely what these pariah dogs are. Myrna
herself knows that they are not officially “Israel’s national dog” yet
continues to claim this as do other breeders. I have no problem with any
country making them the countries national dog but to do so needs government
declaration which does not exist. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">Calling the free living dogs outside of Israel as “baladi”
again shows somewhat lacking understanding. Baladi is a word used specifically
in Egypt and most closely translates to English as “folk”. It is used in Egypt
not only for dogs but to describe many other folk activities such as dancing
etc. ie, baladi dance, baladi songs and yes baladi dogs. If the unsupported
claim that that Canaan dogs were introduced to Israel by the followers of Moses
were true (facts show they were in the middle east before that time) would the
dogs in Israel not be baladi dogs? </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">It is shameful and disappointing to see claims of “knowledge
shared” when the knowledge being shared is extremely limited and inaccurate and
the approach to someone trying to learn at times extremely rude. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">So yes indeed THINK and get your facts right and share
correct information not that dreamed up in order to sell dogs, before
condemning others.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: calibri;">There is still a golden opportunity to forget about
ridiculous kennel club closed book regulations and bring in more of these dogs
while concentrating on maintaining genetic diversity and eliminating all known
genetic health issues. How can this be done? Very simply by firstly recognising
the true distribution of these dogs then testing all current dogs for all known
genetic issues and not using any that are even carriers. This cannot be done
with closed breeds. It can be done with these dogs because there are still
thousands that could potentially be used. While rescue groups invariably neuter
dogs before homing them I don’t doubt they could be persuaded to help breeders
for the sake of ensuring the long term future of these dogs. Simply choose ones
breeders fancy and get their DNA checked for purity and health before adding
them to breeding stock and avoid any (probably rare) that carry any potential health
issue. Once no genetic health issues are present there is no need to test
offspring. No current established modern Euro-breed has such an opportunity. Do
I expect this to happen with Canaan dogs? No, not with the arrogant and often
ill-informed attitude of some people involved. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<br /></div>
duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-7915975405559331082018-06-03T20:47:00.000-07:002018-06-05T05:53:16.299-07:00What came first Pedigree Canaan dogs or desert pariahs?<br />
<div style="margin: 16px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Whether the chicken or the egg
came first depends on how we look at it. If the question refers to eggs in
general, the egg came first. The first amniote egg — that is, a hard-shelled
egg that could be laid on land, rather than remaining in water like the eggs of
fish or amphibians — appeared around 312 million years ago. In contrast,
chickens are domesticated descendants of red jungle fowl and probably arose
little more than eight thousand years ago, at most. Simple? Well no! </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">If the question refers specifically to the chicken egg as it
exists today, the answer may be different. Chickens produce a protein,
ovocleidin-17 (OC-17), that is expressed in the uterus and causes the formation
of the thickened calcium carbonate shell around modern chicken eggs. Because
OC-17 is expressed by the hen and not the egg, the bird in which the protein
first arose, though having hatched from a non-reinforced egg, would then have
laid the first egg having such a reinforced shell: the chicken would have
preceded this first 'modern' chicken egg.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 16px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">So what came
first the pedigree human controlled modern Canaan breed or the true natural
pure ancient free-living dogs found in the Arabian peninsula, north Africa and
eastern Mediterranean countries?<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 16px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Unlike many people who have never
been to the areas where these dogs exist and yet make unsupported claims, I
worked in the middle east, in Saudi Arabia between 1990 and 2007 in a number of
wide spread places and travelled throughout the country and neighbouring ones. During
that time I spent most weekends cross country walking and driving off road to
remote areas that had no roads so have some first-hand personal experience of
the region and the pariah dogs found there. I have continued my strong interest
in these dogs ever since.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">I noticed that everywhere I went in Saudi, within a few
hours walking time of human habitation, there were dogs to be found.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>While occasionally some were seen in towns, more
often at night when people were not around, most were around the outskirts or
near picnic areas, where they could scavenge for discarded food, and of course
near rubbish dumps. They were also to be seen with the still nomadic Bedouin at
their camp sites and with their goat or sheep herds.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Not once did I see them herding, they were
watch dogs giving warning of the presence of strangers. No one breeds them. If
someone wants a dog they simply collect a pup from a den. Saudis were all aware
of these dogs and referred to them as their wild dogs that had always been
there and they were also aware that the Bedouin often kept them.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Most of these dogs had the same overall appearance
of upright ears and curled tail, the typical appearance of Long Term Pariah
Morphotype (LTPM) wherever they are found. I do not believe they should be
referred to as “village dogs” since by far the majority were not to be seen
wandering the streets as do village dogs elsewhere. However call them what you
will desert dogs, wadi dogs whatever that is not important. They are not strays
since they have not strayed from homes, they are not mixed mongrels since there
are no other dogs to mix with. Many people were only aware of the relatively
few that were sometimes seen in the streets and the others kept a low profile
and were easily missed. While this general LTPM type is found on many
continents they are not all identical, having been separated geographically for
thousands of years and we know that not all genetic markers found their way to
all areas of the world. Those people who are familiar with them can recognise
the differences. For example I have sometimes been asked in Australia if my middle-east
dogs are dingoes but anyone who knows dingoes recognises immediately that they
are not. <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>A less common type had floppy
ears but were otherwise similar. Colours were varied but mostly cream to brown
with some black or black and white. There have been claims that the black dogs
are predominant in mountain areas but this was not my experience. At any given
time the predominant colour could differ depending more on random breeding
patterns. Saudis have traditionally not kept dogs as pets and have been actively
discouraged from doing so in the past, although this is changing. Most of the
euro breeds of dogs in Saudi at the time I was there were brought in, owned and
re-exported by expats and were kept in closed compounds so there has been
little chance of any breeding between these free living pariahs and what
westerners know as dog breeds, unlike the situation in other nearby countries where
euro-breeds have now been popular for some time. This also is changing,
particularly in the large cities such as Jeddah and Riyadh.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Occasionally on our walks someone would want to take a puppy
from a den we found. I used to discourage this, particularly with Australians,
due to the difficulty of keeping them in apartments, for those not living in a
villa, and because of the quarantine requirements taking a dog to
Australia.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>On my last contract I
eventually took in some of these dogs myself after they found their way into
our compound and some people were calling for these “wild” dogs to be killed. One
of these dogs took 6 months of many hours spent each night in his presence,
coaxing and encouraging him before he would allow me to contact him. I had no
idea what sort of dog they may be until I chanced on an Encyclopaedia of dogs
while browsing in a Sydney bookstore and spotted a photo of what looked exactly
like one of my dogs. Armed with the name “Canaan” I then came across Myrna
Shiboleth, contacted her and sent her a number of photos and videos of my dogs
and described to her their behaviour. She acknowledged to me that if she was to
see them in a show ring she would consider them very good examples of a Canaan
dog. </span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lady Anne Blunt, the granddaughter of Lord Byron, was one of
the first westerners to travel through the Jubbah area of Saudi Arabia, in
January 1879, with her husband, Wilfrid.<span style="margin: 0px;">
</span>They were en-route to the city of Hail to see the famous horses of Ibn
Rashid, then ruler in Najd. In the 19<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> century westerners where
mainly interested in looking for writings on rocks but Wilfred noted that there
were “a few of those simple designs one finds everywhere on the sandstone,
representing camels and gazelles.” Fast forward to March 2001, when a Bedouin
told Mahboub Habbas al-Rasheedi, a teacher in the nearby town, about rock
images he had spotted while grazing his camels. Al-Rasheedi and his brother
went looking for them and found many others. They showed the carvings to the
school superintendent, Mamduah Ibrahim al-Rasheedi, who immediately reported
the find to the provincial director of antiquities in Hail.<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></sup></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">After initial reports of the re-discovery of extensive rock
carvings in Saudi Arabia and concerns of the wildlife authority that dogs could
be having a number of negative impacts on wildlife I pointed out to both the
Saudi archaeology society and the wildlife authority, as well as a number of
individuals, the similarity to the dogs now registered by breeders as Canaan
dogs.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>These petroglyphs have now been
carefully examined and documented in a book published by the Carnegie Museum of
Natural History in 2013 in conjunction with the Saudi Archaeology Society. <sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup>
As well as other animals the petroglyphs depict dogs of the typical LTPM we see
in Canaan dogs as well as sighthounds.<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup> <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Photo below courtesy Lars Bjurstrom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">More recently a publication in the Journal of
Anthropological Archaeology has concentrated on the dog petroglyphs.<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span></sup><span style="margin: 0px;"> </span><span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>These
are believed to date to times when man was still a hunter gatherer and are the
oldest known images of dogs and people anywhere.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>This article states: “All of the dogs display
characteristic pricked ears, short snouts, deeply-angled chests, and a curled
tail, appearing to be of the same type. These phenotypic traits were also noted
by Olsen and Bryant (2013). Like those authors, we suggest these canids bear a
close resemblance to the modern Canaan dog. This Levantine dog is also proposed
from archaeological (Wapnish and Hesse, 1993) and historical contexts (Stager,
1991) and has been identified as a basal dog breed (Larson et al., 2012;
vonHoldt et al., 2010). The previous earliest depictions of dogs in the
archaeological record come from two agricultural villages in southwestern Iran,
dated to around 6000 BCE (Delougaz and Kantor, 1996; Hole and Wyllie, 2007).
Both are painted on pottery and similarly depict dogs with short snouts,
pricked ears, and up-turned curled tails (Hole and Wyllie, 2007).” Dating rock
carvings is difficult but the scenes of dogs with hunters suggest a period
before the start of agriculture, often considered by some as when dogs were
domesticated.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">Archaeologists have found evidence of four
major periods of settlement at Jubbah stretching back through the Middle Palaeolithic
period, 80,000 to 25,000 years ago. <sup>1</sup></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">We may never be absolutely certain as to where, how or why
dogs were first domesticated but current genetic studies point to South East
Asia since that is where the greatest genetic diversity has been found. From there
it seems most likely that they spread to the rest of the world and through the middle-east into Europe and Africa. Most of what are now recognised by kennel clubs as
distinct breeds have come about only in the past few hundred years due to human
desire to produce dogs suited to particular work or simply for a certain
appearance. This selective breeding has resulted in breeds that have lost much
of the genetic diversity dogs had naturally. In some cases some breeds are in
reality deformed and should not be bred at all. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Today’s borders between countries of the middle-east are
very recent and in the Neolithic period and even before that people and dogs
moved freely throughout the whole region. More recently goods were traded along
well known camel train routes throughout the Arabian peninsula, north Africa
and the whole region. We know dogs accompanied Bedouin on long overland voyages.
<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Richard Minto, while not the first to
bring this type of dog into the UK, was given a wild born Canaan in Libya by
Bedouin. These Bedouin had moved from Jordan and were followed on their move by
a pack of free living dogs including the parents of the pup given to Richard.
This is a good illustration of how the dogs can and have moved around the
region. In the past, even more recently than the Neolithic times there were a
number of trade routes used by people and camels or donkeys. These routes
traversed the region and there was bi-directional trade between Egypt and the
land of the Canaanites during a period when Egypt controlled the area. To the
north the Nabateans controlled these routes at their cities of Petra, Mada’in
Salah and other smaller sites. The Nabateans expanded into the Negev desert and
Sinai prior to 200BC and Bedouin in these areas also trace their origins to the
Arabian peninsula. <sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">6</span></sup></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Menzel, who wrote the first kennel club style description of
Canaan dogs, recognised more than one type of these dogs and initially both
types competed in show rings but later she decided to narrow in on the type now
considered Canaan dogs.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Considering the
early history and migrations of humans it seems highly unlikely that the free
living LTPM dogs in this region are not all the same ancient type. The Canaan
dog breed was established by selecting a relatively small number of free living
dogs, mostly from what is geographically a very small area with a few added,
even recently by Myrna Shiboleth, <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>from
Jordan. </span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">We also know dogs were buried at Ashkelon in ancient times
but quite why is debated. <sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span></sup> Also found in Ashkelon was this
sarcophagus that shows a dog of familiar LTPM appearance. </span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Israel's area is approximately 20,770 km<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup>, which
includes 445 km<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup> of inland water. Israel stretches 424 km from north
to south, and its width ranges from 114 km to, at its narrowest point, 15 km.
So a total land area is 20,325 km<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sup>. Israel was established in 1948. </span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in
Africa. It covers an area of 19,485 square kilometres in the provinces of
Limpopo and Mpumalanga in north eastern South Africa, and extends 360
kilometres from north to south and 65 kilometres from east to west. Areas of
the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic
in 1898, and it became South Africa's first national park in 1926.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The pedigree Canaan dog was created and named by Menzel by
capturing a few of the free living pariahs in Israel.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>While it matters not to me what these dogs
are called it seems a strange choice considering that the original Israelis
were often at war with the Canaanites having invaded their land. Menzel also
wrote the kennel club description accepted by the Israel kennel club in 1953. </span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">On a similar scale if someone collected a few lions in
Kruger national park caged them and started breeding them for sale, would the
lions in the rest of Africa then not be lions? It would of course be possible
that due to the human imposed selection, resulting in a genetic bottleneck, that these bred lions would show some difference in DNA analysis
compared with the rest of African lions, after some generations due to having
artificially limiting their genetic makeup. I suggest they would all still be
lions just as all these pariah dogs are the same whatever we call them. If
these ancient dogs are to have a long term future it is time to recognise the
reality and importance of them ALL.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>They
need to be recognised by the IUCN and we need to forget about the closed book
imposed on “breeds” by kennel clubs, and rely on DNA testing to choose dogs that
can be added. There are still thousands of dogs available and it should be
possible to completely eliminate all dogs with known genetic health issues,
including carriers, while still keeping and indeed concentrating on maintaining genetic diversity rather than what a judge in a show ring happens to like. After all
how difficult is it to win in a show where there are only 2 or 3 dogs shown?
Already there have been health problems passed on as a result of inbreeding
(called line breeding by breeders) by “famous” breeders. It may be that when
these pariahs were first bred for sale in Israel that having a dog claimed as
Israeli could have been a way of interesting Israelis to purchase them and that
they would not have wanted them if they were “Arabic”. <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>I don’t know and am not nor ever will be a
breeder but I think there would be greater interest in them by telling the
complete story. It may also be that the best chance for long term survival of
these dogs would be to set aside a large area similar to national parks, where
these dogs could be allowed to continue to live much as they always have but
possibly assisted with food, water and basic health care. Such a park could
even become a tourist attraction. To have any hope of achieving that we need to
have genetic evidence published that can be presented to authorities in support
of such a park. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: calibri;">Among some registered dog breeds there are recognisable genetic differences in different continents.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A number of claims are made relating to pedigree Canaan dogs without
supporting evidence.</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><b><span style="margin: 0px;">“Canaan
dogs accompanied Moses when he and his followers moved from Egypt to what is
now Israel and introduced them to Israel where they were abandoned when the
Israelis were dispersed.”</span></b><span style="margin: 0px;"> While it is possible dogs were with Moses it is thought he took some 40
years to reach Israel so the dogs reaching Israel would not be the ones that
were originally with them and would likely have bred with others along the
way.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>There are pariahs of the same LTPM
in Egypt today, known locally as baladi dogs, a term used in Egypt for a local
(non-euro breed) dogs but also for various other “folk” dances, music, bread
etc. However evidence also shows that similar dogs were already in the whole
region well before the time of Moses. Egypt ruled Canaan for 3 centuries after
defeating the Canaanites at Megiddo in 1458 BC. Egyptian trading posts existed
at Ashkelon, where a dog graveyard was found, and Gezer, 3 millennium BC.
Donkeys were being used to transport goods overland in trade between Egypt and
Canaan before sea routes were later established. It is likely dogs would have
followed in both directions. </span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: #514f4c; margin: 0px;">Dogs
were indeed known in ancient Israel<b>. </b></span><span style="color: #514f4c; margin: 0px;">In
fact, dogs are referred to forty-one times in the Bible. However, most times,
the word “dog” is used as a word of contempt. One of the few exceptions where
dogs are presented as a useful animal was when they were used to protect the
flock. Job said: “But now they laugh at me, men who are younger than I, whose
fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock” (Job 30:1).<br />
In general, however, Israelites used the word “dog” as a word to express
contempt. “You shall not bring the fee of a prostitute or the wages of a dog
into the house of the Lord your God in payment for any vow, for both of these
are an abomination to the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 23:18). The mention of
the dog in this Deuteronomic legislation is a reference to the male temple
prostitutes who served in the cult of Baal.<br />
Isaiah scorns the leaders of the nation by calling them “dumb dogs” (Isaiah
56:10) and “greedy dogs” (Isaiah 56:11). The psalmist calls an evil man a “dog”
(Psalm 22:20). Dogs were considered unclean animals because they ate the flesh
of unclean animals (Exodus<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>22:31) and
because they ate human flesh (1 Kings 14:11). The breaking of a dog’s neck was
a pagan religious practice condemned by the prophet (Isaiah 66:3). This does
not imply that all people at the time hated dogs as even today it is not
uncommon for some people to refer to dogs in derogatory ways.</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><b><span style="color: #514f4c; margin: 0px;">Some Canaan websites state
that the name of Abel’s dog was Benoni. </span></b><span style="color: #514f4c; margin: 0px;">This
comes up in a fictitious book “</span><span style="margin: 0px;">The Book of Lies”<span style="color: #514f4c; margin: 0px;"> </span>by Brad Meltzer and there does not seem to be any
factual evidence of this.</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><b><span style="margin: 0px;">“Canaan
dogs were selectively bred to herd.” </span></b><span style="margin: 0px;">There is no evidence today of these dogs being used to herd and genetically
they do not fit with herders. <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Bedouin,
who have been the people most commonly using these dogs more recently, laugh at the
idea of selective breeding. If they needed an additional dog they simply
collected a puppy from the den of a free living dog. Dogs living with Bedouin
and accompanying their flocks do so as watch dogs to alert to the presence of
intruders. In recent times Bedouin moved freely throughout the region and
dogs followed them with no regard to present day borders. Even earlier in
Neolithic times dogs with this same LTPM were living and moving around with man
and may have helped hunters to chase antelope into traps (desert kites)but this is not truly
herding.</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><b><span style="margin: 0px;">“Canaan
dogs are the national dog of Israel.” </span></b><span style="margin: 0px;">No. To be officially a national dog, flower, bird, tree etc. there needs
government recognition. Sadly this has not happened. Israel does have an
official national bird, the Hoopoe, but no official national dog. This is an
un-official claim made by the kennel club and breeders.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><b><span style="margin: 0px;">“Canaan
dogs are an ancient breed, bred by nature as nature intended</span></b><span style="margin: 0px;">.” That is true of the free living pariah
landrace but the pedigree Canaan is one of the most recent breeds to be
accepted by kennel clubs. As with all kennel club breeds they are now bred
largely with a view to winning shows and mating’s are controlled by breeders
not nature. Bringing new freeborn stock into the genetic pool is, in general,
difficult and costly due to kennel club regulations. The dogs used were chosen purely
on looks so it is not known if they could have had any modern breed in them or
not.</span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><b><span style="margin: 0px;">“The free
living pariahs are genetically different to Canaan dogs.”</span></b><span style="margin: 0px;"> No study has been published yet to support
that claim. It is possible there could be a difference but this is likely to be
due to the human created bottle neck effect of the small number of dogs used to
establish the breed.</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;"> <b><span style="margin: 0px;"> </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">From : Nature, April 2010. <sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">5</span></sup></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8kHJEx4MDr-R3bDlXQpCxJLy5FyMvVX8sQfqFWmtZZzWUcs5WKK_zJGJbw7Uz50zF16iXOTpvcw8zVxeceXukq7ZPM2QKetViB44e9NgUe6Cx4XbVSxIT-htNmH7NoUqtoqsv2IBPzQ/s1600/image007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="628" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8kHJEx4MDr-R3bDlXQpCxJLy5FyMvVX8sQfqFWmtZZzWUcs5WKK_zJGJbw7Uz50zF16iXOTpvcw8zVxeceXukq7ZPM2QKetViB44e9NgUe6Cx4XbVSxIT-htNmH7NoUqtoqsv2IBPzQ/s320/image007.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">“Applying the Bayesian clustering method implemented in
STRUCTURE we found strong evidence for admixture with wolves only in a minority
of breeds. Neighbour-joining trees reveal that most of these breeds (basenji,
Afghan hound, Samoyed, saluki, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Canaan
dog, New Guinea singing dog, dingo</u></b>, chow chow, Chinese Shar Pei, Akita,
Alaskan malamute, Siberian husky and American Eskimo dog) are highly divergent
from other dog breeds. These highly divergent breeds have been identified previously
and termed ‘ancient’ breeds (as opposed to ‘modern’) because, consistent with
their high levels of divergence, historical information suggests that most have
ancient origins (>500 years ago). The limitation of evidence for admixture
to only a few breeds is striking given that backcrossing between dogs and
wolves is known to occur and dogs and wolves coexist widely. Given that modern breeds
are the products of controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (circa
1830–1900) the lack of detectable admixture with wolves is consistent with the
strict breeding regimes recently implemented by humans.”</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Note
that this article seems to refer to “middle–east dogs” as Afghan hound and
saluki only and that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Canaan dogs do not
group in the herding dogs.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">We also know that as dogs evolved in parallel with man they
gained additional copies of the AMY2 gene enabling them to better digest starch
with Australian Dingos and New Guinea Singer, probably the last dogs truly
living completely wild, have the fewest copies. <sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">9</span></sup> Canaan and these
pariahs have yet to be analysed for this. As is often the case a look at the
map in this article shows a glaring absence of results for dogs of the Arabian
peninsula. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">I have been trying to get these dogs DNA properly looked at
since 1990 by contacting geneticists whose publications suggested they might be
interested. The usual response was in general that they lacked the time and
resources. More than 3 years ago I finally received what appeared to be a
positive reply from Niels Pedersen at UC Davis. “<span style="color: #1f497d; margin: 0px;">We
have collected many dogs from Iran and have also received samples from
Saluki-like dogs kept by the Bedouins in Israel and Jordan. We would be
interested in working with you on sampling dogs from Arab countries</span><span style="margin: 0px;">.” He also stated that the reason was difficulty in getting samples.
Like many others their knowledge of geography seems limited at best. However
after further correspondence I purchased swabs he approved and travelled at my
own expense and with much appreciated support of others collected some samples from some 50 dogs, 3 swabs from each dog. Then followed an incredible amount of exchanges such
as that the swabs had not been received (they had been signed for and were
sitting in his office.) A heap of spelling errors that he blamed on writing not
always being clear, in fact all the information sent was typed not hand
written. Eventually after deciding to move the swabs to Elaine Ostrander at the
National Institute of Health I received some raw data and this note “Here is
the STR data for your dogs. We used amelonogen markers (AMELX;
AMELY) to identify gender, five Y-STR markers to identify
patrilines, 33 STR markers on 25 chromosomes to look at genomic
differences, plus 4 markers to identify DLA class I haplotype(DLA1-3cca,
4ac, 4bct, 1131) and 3 markers for the DLA class II haplotype (5aca,
5act, 5bca). The results in red indicate that the DNA we extracted was of
poor quality and/or the samples were either mold or bacterial and the
results of not much value. Samples in yellow had either poor quality DNA or
insufficient DNA, but did provide meaningful results for several of the genetic
parameters. We only kept one of the three swabs, so it is possible that
Dr. Ostrander fared better with her samples and her extraction
techniques. As expected, there is a great deal of heterozygosity at every
locus and in the DLA class I and II haplotypes. None of the alleles for
the 33 genomic markers were unique, i.e., they can be found sprinkled among a
number of modern breeds. Some of the DLA class I and II haplotypes have
not been seen among the 5 breeds we have looked at so far with this test
format, but they will almost certainly be found in our indigenous dog
collection when we get time to test them in the same manner. The Y
chromosome haplotypes were also varied in the group, as expected, and none were
unique. However, if this were 30+ dogs from any given pure breed, you
would usually see only one patriline. In brief, this was a very
heterogeneous group of dogs with a lot of diversity. Hopefully, Elaine
will be able to offer you additional information on these dogs. Thank you
for allowing us to complete our testing and we will add this information to
what we have already obtained for village dogs from this and other regions.
-Niels" </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Some results were questionable since a
known male dog was marked as female and a female as male according to the
results provided.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>This was passed off as
“they must have been contaminated”. Since both dogs were the only animal in the
family this was not possible. He claimed it made no difference anyway! </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">So moving on it was agreed that we now
have a project in a collaborative study initiated by me with Elaine Ostrander
at NIH and Adam Boyko (who also runs the Embark program) and that we would all
be fully kept informed as work progressed. NIH received the swabs “in good
condition” but additional swabs were requested. Again a lot of people were
involved helping to comply and even some blood samples were collected.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Having collected all the emails involved into
one continuous document I have some 77 pages (without the headings). Remarks
included were that the amount of DNA extracted was too little. I don’t
understand that since as an experienced laboratory scientist myself I know that
with modern PCR amplification even one strand of DNA can be copied to give as
much as anyone could want. Another remark was that cotton swabs are not good –
the swabs initially used were Dacron and designed specifically for forensic DNA
use, big difference. Also mentioned was that it does not store well, again hard
to understand since the swabs were “received in good condition” and I had been
told they were excited to do them, were fully funded and would do them
immediately. I of course am entirely reliant on NIH to come good and do this
and not in a position to do anything but accept what they say if I ever want
anything done in my life time.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">After some time of zero replies to my
requests for information of what was happening I was contacted via someone
else’s FB with a request to email Carol Beuchet. She wanted to know where she
could get some Canaan type dogs other than from Myrna Shiboleth. Carol runs a
money making website and FB page offering genetic studies even though she is
not a geneticist. That in itself is not my problem, people have to make a
living and can set up websites and FB groups called anything they choose and
good luck to anyone willing to pay for such courses by an institute that
actually exists only on the web. In the real world I have been informed that
there is no registered “Institute of Canine Biology”. Attempts to register it
were not accepted by authorities. Be aware that any DNA tests collected by her
are not done by her. She also offers a certificate of the coefficient of
inbreeding (for a charge) to people who have done DNA tests via her. The Embark
program that does the testing already includes such data in their results. The
reason she contacted me via some other FB page was that I had long ago blocked
her for her rudeness I saw to many and her followers who dared ask or question
anything she said and her constant attempts to advertise on my FB groups,
despite my repeatedly asking her not to. She told me that the NIH was "fully
funded and ready to test immediately”. Heard that somewhere before. Anyway I
told her NIH already had some 50 samples from these dogs. She implied that she
thought they had been lost and told me I was not to contact NIH she would, that
NIH may know genetics but don’t know about dogs and that she intended to take
over MY project. Naturally I immediately contacted NIH.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The Canaan Dog Club of America made a
“substantial donation” to her “institute” back in 2014 and until now nothing
has been done.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">From Elaine Ostrander at NIH on 5th
December 2017 “So I have no idea why on earth Carol would say you should not
contact me?<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>That is so weird.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>Of course, you can contact us anytime.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>I love hearing about what you are doing.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>So I’ll double check with Heidi, the problem
was the swabs did not give us DNA or enough good quality to do anything.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>I’ve cc’d Heidi to respond.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>The samples were no lost or mishandled. They
simply didn’t give us DNA.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>In cases like
this where the samples have been stored this way---sometimes they work and
sometimes they don’t.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>We get swabs from
small dogs on occasion when the owner does not want to have blood drawn, but in
those cases we process them right away.<span style="margin: 0px;">
</span>I think we might have gotten lost at my end in terms of communication
and not let you know right away.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>That is
our fault. <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>But it is never (!) the case
that you<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>should not contact us.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>I’ll follow up.”</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">From Dayna Dreger at NIH on 8th December
2017 “We’ve done a few things with the latest pariah dog samples that you have
sent us. We were able to get sufficient DNA from approximately 47 of them,
enough to run on the 170K SNP chip. When we added these dogs to a phylogeny
tree that includes 161 other breeds, most of the pariah dogs cluster into two
separate groups near some of the Asian/African sighthounds (Basenji, Saluki,
Afghan Hound, Azawakh, etc.). One appears very similar to a Saluki, and one
clusters with the Siberian Huskies. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">When we have additional relevant dogs
from the area, we will include the pariah samples in further haplotype and
geographic ancestry analyses. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Unfortunately, we haven’t done much
extensive analyses with the samples, as we are still actively collecting
relevant populations from that general area of the world.” </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">I asked what other relevant dogs they are
actively collecting as I could probably arrange some and received no reply.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="margin: 0px;">Now suddenly Myrna after only a few weeks
ago telling people DNA testing to identify breeds is a waste of money, is
offering to swab Canaan dogs of anyone who attends her paid weekend and has
confirmed to me that this is in response to Carol having contacted her.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>From Myrna: “</span>21/5/2018 <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>We are now working on developing a project to
research Canaan DNA and to see if it is possible to find identifying markers in
the Canaan which would help to identify free born dogs as Canaans. This is
possible, for example, with the Australian dingo. I tried to start this project
several years ago, but unfortunately the lab that was supposed to do the work
stopped working with animal DNA, and the many samples I had collected were
lost. But we now hope that we can go on with this project. This will be one of
our topics at the Canaan Dog Weekend, so we hope many people will be interested
in attending.” <span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>I think this weekend is
not until September 2018! </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>“Pedigree” Canaan dogs already can be
identified in more than one good company (Not MARS Wisdom panel). Yes
numbers of Canaan dogs that have been tested are small so it would be good to
see more done. A publication co-authored by Elaine includes Canaan dogs (see
the above chart). And Embark also can do this already. Breeders can get the
full Embark test for (from memory) about $100 about 85euro. In my opinion a lot
better value than getting individual genetic issues looked at. My suggestion is
to either do that or contact Elaine directly as she may well send you the swab
at no charge. </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="margin: 0px;">Eostrand@mail.nih.gov</span></a><span style="margin: 0px;"> IF this is
to be a part of the project I initiated it would be good if it had been
discussed and I and Adam had been informed. Anyone chooses to send swabs to NIH
don’t expect results in a hurt if at all for individual dogs. If After the
amount of effort and cost put into this by myself and others it is really poor
if anyone is now trying to muscle in without any prior discussion and perhaps
as a way to make money out of it by attracting people to their own money making
projects.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Three desert dogs or village dogs tested
by embark for me were 100% pure. Of other results available publically that I have
seen the most mixed one was actually from Israel!</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Australian dingoes are a totally
different case. They have very limited genetic variation and only one
haplotype.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "calibri";">References:</span></u></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">1: <a href="http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201307/art.rocks-.compilation.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201307/art.rocks-.compilation.htm</span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">2: <a href="http://saudi-archaeology.com/overview/"><span style="color: blue;">http://saudi-archaeology.com/overview/</span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">3: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/330939/The_Dog_Burials_at_Achaemenid_Ashkelon_Revisited"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.academia.edu/330939/The_Dog_Burials_at_Achaemenid_Ashkelon_Revisited</span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">4: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416517301174"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416517301174</span></a></span><span style="margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">5: Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich
history underlying dog domestication</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Bridgett M. vonHoldt, John P. Pollinger, Kirk E. Lohmueller,
Eunjung Han, Heidi G. Parker,, Pascale Quignon, Jeremiah D. Degenhardt, Adam R.
Boyko, Dent A. Earl, Adam Auton, Andy Reynolds, Kasia Bryc, Abra Brisbin, James
C. Knowles, Dana S. Mosher, Tyrone C. Spady, Abdel Elkahloun, Eli Geffen,
Malgorzata Pilot, Wlodzimierz Jedrzejewski, Claudia Greco, Ettore Randi, Danika
Bannasch, Alan Wilto, Jeremy Shearman, Marco Musiani, Michelle Cargill, Paul G.
Jones, Zuwei Qian, Wei Huang, Zhao-Li Ding, Ya-ping Zhang, Carlos D.
Bustamante, Elaine A. Ostrander, John Novembre & Robert K. Wayne</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nature08837.epdf?referrer_access_token=0_ZYedm5Acaq7knTC2R8OdRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N-1Ajcx-oSXCwQJy_MZ8nXjaCdKevest1HfgjYOG99g2xqN_1jR_9YTSxN_Uqs6n9DF8qTF7cKHpNIp8O7gqxWRxBMM6DyYhW1lDwWwzerdjZDfVBqr_R5IeuhI33QDQnfoWXPYmiUMlDVCnZwuZUm&tracking_referrer=news.nationalgeographic.com"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://www.nature.com/articles/nature08837.epdf?referrer_access_token=0_ZYedm5Acaq7knTC2R<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">8OdRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N-1Ajcx-</span>oSXCwQJy_MZ8nXjaCdKevest1HfgjYOG99g2xqN_1jR_9YTSxN_Uqs6n9DF8qTF7cKHpNIp8O7gqxWRxBMM6DyYhW1lDwWwzerdjZDfVBqr_R5IeuhI33QDQnfoWXPYmiUMlDVCnZwuZUm&tracking_referrer=news.nationalgeographic.com</span></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">6: <a href="http://nabataea.net/negev.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://nabataea.net/negev.html</span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">7: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi"><span style="color: blue;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi</span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">8: <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2814"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2814</span></a></span><span style="margin: 0px;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">9: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305310207_Diet_adaptation_in_dog_reflects_spread_of_prehistoric_agriculture"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305310207_Diet_adaptation_in_dog_reflects_spread_of_prehistoric_agriculture</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<sup><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: x-small;"><b><br /></b></span></sup></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13.33px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-29681926149459144092017-01-13T21:06:00.000-08:002017-04-23T19:17:00.188-07:00When is a Canaan not a Canaan?<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Perhaps the first of a number of factors that needs to be understood
is just what a dog is and this is well described by Coppinger and Coppinger in
their latest book “What is a dog” and so I will not expand here other than to
point out that the Coppingers estimate on best available figures that a mere
15% of dogs live under human control, even fewer of these being “pure”, with
some 850 million living free world wide with varying levels of human contact.<br />
<br />
What is a breed? Modern Breeds have only existed for the last couple of
centuries as a result of human interference in nature to bend dogs to human
uses or for a particular look. Regardless of where they originated they are mostly found
in isolated homes </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">of the worlds richer
people in north America, Europe and other “developed” countries. This in all
cases leads to a genetic bottleneck in registered breeds. Strictly speaking, far
from being the “ancient” breed claimed for Canaan dogs the “pure pedigree”
Canaan is one of the most recently registered breeds, as the stock they came
from were never selectively bred. All modern breeds at some point came from
natural stock or by mixing already selected “breeds” that, if we go back far
enough, come from such landraces. </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">It is
wrong to suggest now that these landraces are mixes of modern breeds. The
reality is quite the opposite. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dogs do not know boundaries drawn up by people, mostly very
recently in the middle-east. Evidence in recently re-discovered rock carvings
at Shuwaymus in Saudi Arabia, believed to be Neolithic shows 2 dog type –
sighthounds and typical Canaan like dogs. </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">They are seen with people hunting Aurochs,
lion and other animals. </span><a href="http://saudi-archaeology.com/gigapan/shuwaymis-west-hunting-party/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://saudi-archaeology.com/gigapan/shuwaymis-west-hunting-party/</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dogs spread around the world with people
and were clearly in this whole region long before the time of Moses, who some
claim introduced these dogs to Israel. There may have been dogs that
accompanied his group as they wandered about for 40 years but by definition
they would then be Egyptian dogs. Looking backwards where do todays Canaan
breed come from? Simply by capturing a small number of the landrace of pariah
dogs found living free in the whole region today, even if the ones captured were
only from Israel and Jordan.</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Menzel who
initially established them as a breed recognised 3 different appearances in the
dogs she saw and selected the ones she preferred. Therefore there is no reason
at all that all the free living dogs should look identical. </span>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">There have been and still are many introduced modern breeds
in Israel whereas in Saudi Arabia away from the major cities of Riyadh and
Jeddah very few if any such dogs exist. Those that do are generally owned by
expats and live in fenced compounds and are taken out of the</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">country again when the</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">expat leaves, so if anything the free living
dogs are less likely to have any genetic feedback from modern breeds. They are
likely to have most of the genetic material found in modern breeds simply
because these real natural dogs are the stock modern breeds are derived from. </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Breeds do not create new genes</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">but rather eliminate some. Apart from Saluki
like sighthounds, that are less common, these dogs are NOT “mixed with breeds”
since as I said such breeds are rare and don’t survive well </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">free in these areas. Sadly many people from
the “developed” countries see things through eyes used only to seeing “breeds”
and make the same mistake, thinking free living dogs derive from “breeds” when
the opposite is in fact true.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">To say that “</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">the terrian over there (Saudi) is not the same like israel/jorden (Jordan)/sinai.
Much harsher in saudi.</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">” shows lack of knowledge of Saudi. It is a large
area with anything from sand dune in the “empty quarter” to fertile farming
areas. The biggest single dairy farm in the world is in Saudi. </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">None so blind as those who will not see. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Commercial
genetic tests used to determine breeds in dogs of unknown mix are of little
value other than to make money for the one company doing this. They are sold
under various brand names but all are under control of MARS. Other companies
were sued out of business under copyright laws and MARS refuses to publish any
data to show the effectiveness of breed identification. There have been many
examples published of impossible results, including totally different ones from
the same dog tested twice.</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Copied from
the companies own site “</span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "avantgardebkbtbook"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px;">It is <strong><span style="font-family: "avantgardebkbtbook"; margin: 0px;">not</span></strong> designed to validate the
purity of a purebred dog, and test results should <strong><span style="font-family: "avantgardebkbtbook"; margin: 0px;">not</span></strong> be relied upon as official
certification of your dog's genetic make-up”.<span style="margin: 0px;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">They DO claim Canaans on their
list </span><a href="http://advancepet.com.au/dna/breeds-detected.aspx"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://advancepet.com.au/dna/breeds-detected.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
but my advice to anyone would be save your money or give it to a dog rescue
group. </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">STR markers have been looked at
on a number of these dogs of the Arabian countries by a top Veterinary
university in the USA and further work is ongoing at another institute and it
is planned to select some for a full genome study. This is NOT aimed at
identifying their ”breed” since “breeds” are in sense a modern anomaly. </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">As would be expected there were markers present
that are found in modern “breeds” – not because those breeds have mixed with
these dogs but because those markers in modern breeds came from the worlds natural
dogs. In establishing breeds genetic material is lost not created. Some markers
found were not on the data base at this veterinary university. There was NO
evidence of wolf hybridisation.</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hybridisation is of concern in efforts to preserve the rare wolf
population in Saudi but to date no dog DNA has been found in wolves studied.
(Unpublished data from personal correspondence with a past director of the wildlife
department.) </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Are Canaans introduced to the “pure” breed in Israel only
from remote areas? May be so but Just look at a map of the size of Israel to
see how remote such areas are in that country </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">compared to many areas in Saudi.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">After
seeing many photos and videos and my description of the behaviour of the dogs I
had in Saudi Myrna Shiboleth told me that if she had seen them in a ring she
would have considered them to be at least “very good” examples of Canaans. At a
talk she gave in Israel on Canaans she included this photo of one of my dogs
from the Asir region in Saudi and commented that they may exist in Saudi. They
do and in large numbers and are widespread. </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzT8sgqMXDrdc5joSNUT3D7mLDYhfC0yaASuHlFvp7MVi6ZSwnMX_anwvfVZWsD_qWXJxR3k9vo2Gzv10pyvUNuT8tLHqX9HA7vUtinggMwLMZ90AXmTBaYQGQfSaigYO8kN-Kw9l2sNc/s1600/994249_10201091503746346_2068587297_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzT8sgqMXDrdc5joSNUT3D7mLDYhfC0yaASuHlFvp7MVi6ZSwnMX_anwvfVZWsD_qWXJxR3k9vo2Gzv10pyvUNuT8tLHqX9HA7vUtinggMwLMZ90AXmTBaYQGQfSaigYO8kN-Kw9l2sNc/s320/994249_10201091503746346_2068587297_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><img border="0" src="file:///C:/Users/Duncan/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Another dog I posted, without details, that
originated in the Eastern province of Saudi, but now lives in Hawaii, drew
comments from breeders asking who she was as they would like to breed with her.
</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpoq5gCsMpZiMP0uCgAYH_rJcF5KqpycWscdbegU_jm0A690HCdIgUcoekDNrJNpXXSdEfLRLd48GJO6gylfDBtVAPtlY-IhN4ztrua7Hi76p_ZMuNmjjkVoj8jKCOSFD2DkpGLH2JGA/s1600/1003017_10201091958757721_440507507_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpoq5gCsMpZiMP0uCgAYH_rJcF5KqpycWscdbegU_jm0A690HCdIgUcoekDNrJNpXXSdEfLRLd48GJO6gylfDBtVAPtlY-IhN4ztrua7Hi76p_ZMuNmjjkVoj8jKCOSFD2DkpGLH2JGA/s320/1003017_10201091958757721_440507507_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><img border="0" src="file:///C:/Users/Duncan/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Yet
another male dog in Oman attracted people interested in breeding with him. </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikNVbjq_UVErk3VpnC_UsyfxglE5fJFU8L-0YEJzuvpifVkbz7aAN4ZMT2MbeY9fE2T14nPounwGW3CLPR0RIXt93dnkuxbJhybDtFJsBb2-qDiEaP1xgMuduKovWpR2SzUJFmT4iDNc/s1600/1003196_650457391631129_83677699_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikNVbjq_UVErk3VpnC_UsyfxglE5fJFU8L-0YEJzuvpifVkbz7aAN4ZMT2MbeY9fE2T14nPounwGW3CLPR0RIXt93dnkuxbJhybDtFJsBb2-qDiEaP1xgMuduKovWpR2SzUJFmT4iDNc/s320/1003196_650457391631129_83677699_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">So
far as “baludi” or to use the more common spelling, baladi is Egyptian Arabic
and used in relation to dogs, describes common or general (not breed) dogs.
Quite possible the same ancient stock again but with a greater chance of being
mixed than those in Saudi. Ruth Corner who spent time working with Myrna and
played a major role in introducing Canaan dogs to the UK </span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">before living in Egypt, so was as capable as
any at recognising a Canaan was convinced these were the same dogs in Egypt. </span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">It
seems strange to me that people walking down a street in the “developed”
countries are able to point out dogs of certain appearance and call them, for
example, a Border collie or German shepherd etc. and no one would tell them
they are not, even if the dog had no pedigree papers, yet the same people cannot
accept the dogs in Saudi as being referred to as Canaan yet no one I know of
claims to have a pedigree record or wants to have them judged in a ring against
breeders dog. I for one prefer it that way. </span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 13px;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #1d2129; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">These
dogs may be rare among breeders who wish to keep it that way as it adds to
their potential value but they are far from rare in surrounding countries.</span></span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-20844676344300421062016-04-17T01:29:00.000-07:002016-04-17T01:32:34.194-07:00Getting Roxx home<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
process of getting Roxx home was not without some glitches. I was contacted by
someone who advised me that Roxx would never accept being in a travel crate. He
had spent some time in a place where he had been placed into a crate overnight
and had destroyed it. Of course he had never experienced being left in a crate
previously so had been desperate to get out. Fortunately the K9 friends
instructor at the time took over his preparation starting with an open wire
cage then covering it with blankets and even sitting in it with him until he
knew it was a safe place to be.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr1NdqYk07q5FV6H0kYCMWVjzjku-F6IsglwD5LIKlqpyGLbNXSCzsasQ1hpJDRtrosagD6ZzxvDwT5F_YBqHQKBgqU3wrsoL7Utop8RtuoJpasuzeUje8NmuEW2iFbL5uw6xlciTIvR0/s1600/ROXX+crate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr1NdqYk07q5FV6H0kYCMWVjzjku-F6IsglwD5LIKlqpyGLbNXSCzsasQ1hpJDRtrosagD6ZzxvDwT5F_YBqHQKBgqU3wrsoL7Utop8RtuoJpasuzeUje8NmuEW2iFbL5uw6xlciTIvR0/s320/ROXX+crate.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Australia has some of the strictest quarantine regulations
in the world, quite rightly as a number of diseases do not exist in Australia,
Rabies being just one of these infections of dogs. There are two basic
requirements as far as rabies is concerned for dogs entering Australia,
vaccination has to be up to date and the dogs blood has to be tested for rabies
antibody to prove that the vaccination has been successful. At the time Roxx was
adopted regulations meant he would not be released until 6 months after blood was collected for a satisfactory rabies
test. I approached a number of companies
for quotes on handling the relocation and initially accepted a veterinary
practice. There were communication problems with them from the start when
trying to get an appointment, but this was arranged and the blood drawn. They
then refused to send it away for testing claiming that they did not have Roxx’s
vaccination records even though I had myself sent them this. Lack of such a
certificate does not in any case prevent the sample from being tested. Later
they claimed that the vaccination record was not acceptable and would be
rejected in Australia, also nonsense. I found them to be extremely arrogant and
the owner even accused me of attempting to undertake a “dodgy relocation”.
Eventually the owner admitted to the kennel that they were mistaken and blamed
the staff of the veterinary practice and apologised but they never made any
attempt to apologise to me. As an experienced microbiologist and with
colleagues working in Australian biosecurity I understand the requirements
well. It seems to me that certain vets in Dubai are not answerable to anyone
and are used to being able to tell clients who have no microbiology background
anything they like and expect to be believed without question. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">I decided I had no option but to start the process again.
This time choosing a company registered with IPATA the International Pet and
Animal Transport Association which the vet was not. This time the company I
used handled it all well with me looking after the Australian side of things.
However the vet hey used for the veterinary requirements again demonstrated
arrogance and took offence at my asking if he had given Roxx the required
Frontline treatment. I needed to know this since I was handling the Australian
side of things and he had not recorded this on the kennels records. As a result
he refused to sign the required official documents stating that he had done
this! The lady at the relocation company put in a big push to get this done and
I was up all night exchanging many emails with all concerned until he
eventually signed it off. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
So Roxx said farewell<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Saskia and
began his trip to Australia on the non-stop flight of some 14 hours to Sydney.</span></div>
<div>
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Waiting to board the early morning flight at Dubai.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At the time Roxx needed to spend 4 weeks in quarantine in Sydney and I
flew down to visit him not knowing if he would recognise me. He certainly
seemed to be happy to see me and the kennel staff were clearly animal lovers
and taking good care of him.</span></div>
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Finally on the 25<sup>th</sup> November 2013 Roxx was
collected from Sydney quarantine and flown to Brisbane airport then driven to
me at the ferry terminal by Jetpets for the ferry ride home.</div>
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Happy to have a home at last, under-weight, but he soon
regained it and was fascinated by the picture<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of Digger on the wall.</div>
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</span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-47788126066404465402014-09-29T05:11:00.000-07:002014-09-29T18:27:35.739-07:00Finding another desert dog<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In April
2013 I at last had an opportunity to combine a number of separate options into
one trip, to attend a symposium on Canaan dogs, a visit to South Africa, a
visit to Dubai to attend the K9 Friends shelter fund raising ball and of course
most importantly to choose a desert dog. Dates all seemed to come together
ideally. It was a great trip, meeting
new and old friends and a thoroughly enjoyable ball at Raffles Dubai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8lag-SqEM4fYtBGIjcGRXchwxbFOlkv8avIZJKWsEVelvV9UKn9L7dsbQq0cqrq3GeLKQ64pyCtUQ9YtFiShuscQe7ACPve8oxz4rusgbOZc6KLasER-VGoV1IDbJmaR7P537Dh4vPnI/s1600/DSCF3128.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8lag-SqEM4fYtBGIjcGRXchwxbFOlkv8avIZJKWsEVelvV9UKn9L7dsbQq0cqrq3GeLKQ64pyCtUQ9YtFiShuscQe7ACPve8oxz4rusgbOZc6KLasER-VGoV1IDbJmaR7P537Dh4vPnI/s1600/DSCF3128.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>K9 Friends puppy ball 2013</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
shelter itself is an excellent facility with over a hundred dogs in
air-conditioned kennels. I was shown a number of beautiful dogs, each and every
one of them lovely and deserving of a home. I found it impossible to select one
dog so discussed it with the senior instructor and would have been happy to
take any dog they seemed to have had trouble homing for whatever reason. The
suggestion was that I take Roxx who had been there for over 3 years. Of course
the various other volunteers all had their own favourites but I decided to spend
a bit more time with Roxx. I had some one on one time with him in one of the
exercise areas and he was a little unsure at first but seemed to warm to me.
When I threw any of the toys in the yard, he quickly collected them and placed
them neatly back in the toy box. Back in his kennel that he shared with another
dog he reached out to me through the fence and I went and sat in the kennel for
a time hoping that the longer I spent with him the better the chance that he would
remember me after the long journey he had ahead of him. And so the process
began. The paper work for adoption was completed and I once more I would would have a
Canaan type desert dog in my life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Some of the other dogs I considered</b></div>
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<b>Formal introduction to Roxx</b></div>
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<b>Naturally in the exercise yard Roxx was more comfortable with someone he knew than me</b></div>
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<b>Reaching out to me from his kennel</b></div>
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<b>Contact made</b></div>
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<b>Will you take me home? How could I not?</b></div>
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duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-32466396280047725472014-08-21T05:46:00.002-07:002014-09-29T18:36:52.974-07:00The gap years<br />
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After the loss of my dogs in Saudi I took some time to come
to terms with the reality that I would not be able to return to search for
them. Visas are not issued to casual visitors and without a relative, company
sponsor or suitable conference in the area that I might attend it was simply
not possible. Even companies attempting to promote group tours under
supervision found it difficult to obtain visas for potential tourists and
halted efforts to promote tours.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I became interested in a welfare dog shelter in Dubai that I
had chanced upon while looking for somewhere to house my Saudi dogs during the
process of getting them to Australia. Australia did not accept dogs directly
from Saudi Arabia due to poor rabies control in Saudi so they would have needed
to stay in an acceptable place like Dubai for 6 months. It seemed to me from
the photographs of dogs available for adoption that some of them were probably
also Canaan dogs, picked up off the streets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I noted a number of them as such and had some contact with the kennel,
K9 Friends, Dubai. I transited through Dubai a couple of times on trips between
Australia and South Africa but only allowed a few days hoping to be able to
visit the shelter with a view to adopting a dog. Unfortunately I discovered
that without a pre-arranged appointment I was unable to visit. One of the dogs
I noticed among those advertised as available for adoption and that looked like
a Canaan was this one – Roxx.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Meanwhile I was considering a possibility of working in
Nigeria with a South African pathology company or Ghana with a South African
accredited one. The Company in Nigeria sent me all the papers we thought were
needed for me to get a visa to visit them including a letter signed by the
Nigerian director inviting me to visit and guaranteeing my financial situation
and accommodation for the time I would be there, and a copy of the company
registration in Nigeria. I duly submitted my visa application and passport to
the Nigerian officials in Canberra. There was a charge for the visa, a charge
for processing it and an additional charge for rapid processing. They insisted
on using a postal order as the method of payment so I obtained one to cover the
3 costs and included this in my application. I also included, as required, a
copy of my return ticket the company had sent me from Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></div>
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After a couple of days I attempted to phone Canberra to
check all was in order but found it impossible to get connected. On the website
was a message saying that they were experiencing problems with phones
(something rare in Australia unless bills have not been paid) and an “alternative”
number was given. When I checked this “alternative” was actually the same as
the initial one listed. When I finally managed to get a call to them I was
asked which of a list of departments they mentioned I wanted. Before I could
answer the lady then said that anyway it did not matter as they all go to her
anyway! When I asked about the progress with my visa application I was told it
could not be processed because they needed 2 separate letters, one inviting me
and a second separate one guaranteeing my financial status by the company for
my time there. Then I was told that they also could not process my application
because it was not a Nigerian company. It was and a copy of the company registration
was included in my application. The company letter head said that they were
associated with the South African pathologists at the head office in Cape Town.
Also they said they could not process it because they needed 3 separate money
orders for the 3 payments. I had no option but to call the lab in Nigeria and
inform them I would not be able to travel on the booked flight unless they
could do something to sort it out. The Ghana Company, after saying they would
send an air ticket as soon as I had a visa and health certificate failed to do
so<o:p></o:p></div>
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Meanwhile I had been planning to break my trip in Dubai to
visit the kennel with a view to adopting one of their Canaan like dogs and they
had invited me to give a talk on Canaan, which I had agreed to do. With my
determination to get another of these dogs coupled with the thought of having
to cancel an already advertised talk I decided a break in Dubai was something I
could handle so made my own arrangements to go ahead with that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The talk went well and helped raise funds for
the shelter. My intention then was to adopt Prince, a dog that had been used to
publicise my talk or failing that Tiger who had been brought in to the
auditorium at the end of my talk to show the type of dog. Yet again
difficulties in getting things done by remote control while back in Australia
resulted in someone else wanting both dogs as individuals wanting dogs had
developed attachments to them. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Work in Australia continued in a position that took me to a
number of outback towns in the Northern territory but the need I felt to have
another desert dog in my life remained and I was determined to get one. People
still working in Saudi were still unable to spot my dogs although of course
even if they had found their way back they would certainly not have approached
anyone. </div>
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<strong>Prince in the flyer</strong><o:p></o:p></div>
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<strong>Prince in the flyer</strong><o:p></o:p></div>
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<strong>A section of the auditorium at K9 friends</strong></div>
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<strong></strong> </div>
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<strong>Jesse one of the many K9 friends dogs </strong></div>
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<strong>Tiger</strong></div>
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<strong>Some of the other dogs at K9 friends </strong></div>
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duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1577907412764163091.post-9410154736102235632009-03-25T06:59:00.000-07:002021-03-14T22:51:23.506-07:00Wild Canaan dogs of Saudi Arabia<div align="left">Written By Duncan Schroeter
Original version published in Desert Tracks
French version translated by Isabelle Demortain for the Franch Canaan Club</div>
<div align="right"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfhsSobfFk5zyCllEY93f86V7lwOV1-DymTyPAekq9sR_ANyLz-47I3hfn3QogrKbZZKEB6Sem1Ouezicf_vBMu5eZtNYTZ38TRxZDQKsZh6FX2HiMCVwHkRSw4GIL26DArKqkf3sUJRM/s1600-h/Digger+16.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: right; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317142399668488802" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfhsSobfFk5zyCllEY93f86V7lwOV1-DymTyPAekq9sR_ANyLz-47I3hfn3QogrKbZZKEB6Sem1Ouezicf_vBMu5eZtNYTZ38TRxZDQKsZh6FX2HiMCVwHkRSw4GIL26DArKqkf3sUJRM/s320/Digger+16.jpg" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRe4rbev6m1JTt5zt2cFNuEVJjibHWnrYuze6iQis6cTbqhzoye5CG_kGvGAie8ZcgI_ZEffzadLQwfk4q0rvQPcgHD3LElTaMQgYr57mpasGD3lIeN9r9S4B8RTF-RuOm-eAj9gDyS_U/s1600-h/Digger+portrait-1.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317317277259700210" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRe4rbev6m1JTt5zt2cFNuEVJjibHWnrYuze6iQis6cTbqhzoye5CG_kGvGAie8ZcgI_ZEffzadLQwfk4q0rvQPcgHD3LElTaMQgYr57mpasGD3lIeN9r9S4B8RTF-RuOm-eAj9gDyS_U/s320/Digger+portrait-1.jpg" /></a>
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This is a tale of an all too brief contact with some truly special dogs; dogs that I now believe to be three wild born Canaans. I had previously worked as a microbiologist on a number of contracts in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Bisha, Khamis Mushayt, Jeddah and Riyadh and travelled to <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUDN-SQ_qGh0Kd7V_wJ6mLdBVHsBtJjlmaqY2FREX2_5wKevna_rHAOaZtSUzXt-yBDpglcf0ZPeb47n40LV-t3WVw4Acij54BN3dDWkX6rqfP0h8gJdPkCIcNXm5IPwfBpQJJY6Ub_1s/s1600-h/Hamadryas+baboon3.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 225px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317318205473112834" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUDN-SQ_qGh0Kd7V_wJ6mLdBVHsBtJjlmaqY2FREX2_5wKevna_rHAOaZtSUzXt-yBDpglcf0ZPeb47n40LV-t3WVw4Acij54BN3dDWkX6rqfP0h8gJdPkCIcNXm5IPwfBpQJJY6Ub_1s/s320/Hamadryas+baboon3.jpg" /></a>other areas of the country and also to other countries in the region. I was always aware of the presence of dogs in the region, scavenging around the outskirts of towns and often saw them further out while on cross country walks, near permanent water and popular picnic areas. Often they were in ones and twos but occasionally in packs of up to a dozen. While out walking we sometimes came across dens dug into the side of a wadi with puppies in them. I have seen dogs bark at, but move out of the path of Hamadrayas baboons that inhabit the red sea escarpment area. In some rubish dump areas dogs and baboons move freely in close proximity of each other.
Khamis Mushayt lies close to this escarpment, at high altitude, and is relatively remote but with a rapidly growing population. There are very few domestic dogs, imported by expatriate workers and kept in isolation on housing compounds.
Saudis in general consider dogs as dirty and believe that if they touch one they must wash 7 times before praying, and so they have little to do with dogs. Perhaps this is a result of an historical awareness of the danger of rabies. This does not mean dogs are singled out for maltreatment and there is in fact a Muslim teaching about a man who was thirsty and climbed down into a well to drink water. Having quenched his thirst he returned to the surface of the well where he found a dog panting for water. He went down again and filled his shoe with water and brought this up for the dog. This scored him points in heaven. Then again it has been pointed out to me that Saudis mostly wear open sandals – is this insurance against having to go down the well a second time?
Some younger Saudis living in places such as Jeddah, known for its relatively cosmopolitan relaxed outlook, and who have lived for a time overseas, have recently started keeping dogs and walking them in public. However the “Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice, the official name of the religious police” have now banned pet stores from importing and selling dogs on the grounds that keeping them is contrary to the nation’s custom.
I had often wondered what the origin of these desert dogs could be. Local people I spoke to were not sure but referred to them as “wild” though more correctly they are “pariahs” and they thought that the dogs had always been there and that sometimes the Bedouin keep them. Traditionally Bedouin have travelled the region with scant regard for borderlines drawn on maps and this plus caravan trade in the past perhaps explains the widespread distribution of this type of dog.
Soon after I arrived on my most recent contract in mid 2004, for the second time working at the Armed Forces Hospital in Khamis Mushayt, there were reports of 2 puppies on the housing compound. A South African believed she saw them arrive in her back garden. The mother it seemed brought them in through a gap in the external compound wall and had them in the rear yard of her villa, below a retaining wall. The mother jumped up the retaining wall and the larger pup managed to scramble up but the smaller one could not. Thinking that it was stuck the South African grabbed it and lifted it over the wall. It was so scared it froze, trembling, and the mother ran off leaving both pups behind. The mother came back after a couple of days – saw her pups were OK and left. The conclusion was that the mother had decided it was time they fended for themselves.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhQPvdH6jDVyxNyp7KW0VKbwq_-Pe3H2EQzCzqpgtw-cRmZR-G3WSxHAl8OImaiqiNR7Z-cV74EEsfv7B0IBKN8KPqBonHiY1ZvVVbMIWbEFDGye-DLAaQHDMIgjjCVJRpcYV7WY1Z_e0/s1600-h/Digger+%26+Matey.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 213px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317322757467271762" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhQPvdH6jDVyxNyp7KW0VKbwq_-Pe3H2EQzCzqpgtw-cRmZR-G3WSxHAl8OImaiqiNR7Z-cV74EEsfv7B0IBKN8KPqBonHiY1ZvVVbMIWbEFDGye-DLAaQHDMIgjjCVJRpcYV7WY1Z_e0/s320/Digger+%26+Matey.jpg" /></a>The two pups were then seen on the compound a number of times and I eventually saw them when they took up residence under a raised prefabricated house, diagonally opposite the villa I was housed in. There were two of these prefab houses on compound, originally used by the builders of the compound. They were very wary of people and ran for cover whenever anyone walked past. As a number of people walked or ran around the compound for exercise this meant the pups initially hid until 10pm and the human traffic quieted.
I had no intention of getting involved, mainly due to an awareness of strict quarantine requirements for importing dogs to Australia, but could not sit by and watch them go without proper food or water. At first I had little food in the villa for myself as I found it easier to eat in the hospital cafeteria while settling in. I tried taking some bread over the road and then retreated some distance to watch. They very furtively crept out and took it. I left water in an empty ice cream container. The local supermarket had no dog food so I bought a packet of dry cat food and as the pups could not read they seemed quite happy with it. Dog food availability in supermarkets is spasmodic in smaller centres and is presumably only bought by crazy expatriates. A few other people on the compound put out some food scraps and made brief attempts to encourage the pups to come for this, but they stayed too close, perhaps to keep the numerous compound cats from eating the food, or perhaps expecting a reaction of pups more used to people since birth. No one else managed to get the pups to take anything.
It was plain to me from the start that all the pups knew of people from their experience, and from what they had learnt from the mother, was that people chase dogs so should be feared. I gradually, over some weeks, coaxed them to come to the front door of my villa to eat. I fed them initially from ice cream containers and, as they ate, the containers would slip closer to where I sat very quite and still on the door step. This meant the dogs creeping closer to me. Every time someone walked past they would bolt for cover and if I so much as lifted one finger they would back off. They were so scared of people. They would even back-off from Billy, a large ginger compound cat who I was told was previously resident in the villa and considered it his home. If the wind rustled the palm tree they would likewise back-off. I sat on the front doorstep for hours every night and slowly they started to trust me more and would come out of hiding whenever they saw me, though they still ran when anyone else passed by. The larger white pup was always the first to come out of hiding but would then hang back until the smaller golden one started to eat. Occasionally when all was quite they would sleep outside my front door rather than under the house.
The pups would now show themselves when they saw me, even before dark, and one evening someone I had not seen before walked past shortly before dark causing the usual run and hide reaction. A very haughty English voice accosted my eardrums with “What’s wrong with those dogs? Have they got rabies or something?” I wished her a good evening, introduced myself and assured her they were simply scared of her and so running away. I later found this was the English school headmistress who had just returned at the end of school holidays, and wondered if the school kids were as terrified of her as the pups were. As a school kid I think I would have been.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaWt0mUv98fkK0bAwLWp3bmBDB50j70kFIp4tufuFUP9k61VIK-mKzZZYum8R0TbqMyIvPLh5SK2DHVoD8yXeD9GoFLDiPyJo9A1cPedX2xO_WbCKPsPD8iamjOydpD4Q16UXPh-eDxuQ/s1600-h/Iskan+II+14A+front.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 213px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317319064299859666" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaWt0mUv98fkK0bAwLWp3bmBDB50j70kFIp4tufuFUP9k61VIK-mKzZZYum8R0TbqMyIvPLh5SK2DHVoD8yXeD9GoFLDiPyJo9A1cPedX2xO_WbCKPsPD8iamjOydpD4Q16UXPh-eDxuQ/s320/Iskan+II+14A+front.jpg" /></a>About 4 months after my arrival a single one bedroom villa, which was to be my permanent accommodation, became available for me. By now most residents knew of the dogs and there was a surge of people starting to call for them to be removed or shot. The house they hid under was actually being used by a male Zimbabwean nurse and his family. When I got to know him he was a likeable character but he was understandably unhappy with the pups being under his house as they kept him awake at times. I pleaded for them to be left alone and started erecting a fence around the back garden of my new villa and said I would take them as soon as I had a kennel built to protect them from the sun. Comments were along the lines that I was mad, they are wild dogs, and I was asked a number of times how would I catch them. I said I had no intention of catching them but intended gaining their confidence so that they would come of their own free will and because they chose to. Of course I was just laughed at. </div><div align="justify">
Meanwhile after I had moved I continued taking food up to the villa I had initially been housed in, to feed them where they were more confident. I was warned that traps were set around the house they hid under by “Preventive Medicine” a department that seemed more interested in getting rid of cats on the compound than they were about rats and cockroaches at the hospital or about the regular stinking lake of overflow from the compound septic tanks, and numerous other problems with a potential for causing health problems. Fortunately the pups were too wary to be caught in the traps.
As soon as the kennel was ready I went up to the old villa at about 10pm one night, when most residents was sleeping and no walkers were about, and called to them. They followed me to my new front entrance where I gave them a biscuit each. The single villas were built in pairs with a common front porch off which the two entrance doors were situated. My new neighbour, who had expressed reservations about having dogs nearby, as she fed a number of compound cats, happened to choose this moment to open her front door. The pups fled for the cover of the prefab house, but having seen them the neighbour seemed to loose her concerns. She was a good neighbour and later cared for the dogs when I went on holiday.
Next day I called the pups for dinner at dusk and they came and ate at the front of my new villa. The following day, while I was getting the food ready, I looked out of the kitchen window and there they were playing together, waiting and watching for me. They had already realised I was living in this new place now. I lead them around the side into the back garden. They were very hesitant and crouched down going through the fence door which had an overhead beam, but came, had a very wary look around, decided it was safe, relaxed, ate their dinner and started playing. They chose to sleep there that night even though the gate was open and never again went back to the prefab house. This was exactly what I had wanted and occurred quicker than I expected – I think a reflection of the intelligence of these dogs and their ability to make decisions. I closed the gate only after some weeks when they were comfortable, and to stop the complaints by the people till calling for them to be removed whenever they saw them. They slowly got more used to me and would run around me close to my heels when I walked them outside of the yard and both would rush up to me and touch their noses to mine whenever I came home. On one occasion I had them out for a run in front of my villa and a walker passed by as I was calling them in for dinner. The smaller one wanted to play a bit longer and the walker laughed and said that I would never get them to come into the yard. I said nothing as they had already been living in my yard for some weeks.
When I first moved the dogs into my backyard I had an existing fence between my yard and my neighbour and the new one between me and the next villa that was uninhabited at the time. I had not yet built a fence along the back above the retaining wall. This retaining wall was built with rocks and was too high for the pups to jump up. Walking to the bus stop for work one morning I glanced down to find the dogs on my ankles. I took then home twice but they had found they could scramble up the retaining wall using the rocks and fencing for footholds where the two intersected. As fast as I put them through the gate they scrambled up and came charging around from the back of the next villa down the road, where there was no retaining wall. On the second attempt I met the girl who had seen them arrive on the compound. She let me go ahead while she waited on the road outside my villa. Sure enough they came tearing around again but on seeing her both dropped anchor and slid to a halt then retreated.
I then built a fence above the retaining wall giving them a big enough area, while keeping them in and away from prying eyes. Initially whilst they could scramble up the retaining wall they could not get down. If they became separated in this way neither would eat until they were both together. They shared everything and I could put a bone down in the middle of the doorway and say “that ones for Digger” and put another inside and say “that ones for Matey” and Matey would walk right over the one in the doorway to get his.
I built a stairway up to the level above the retaining wall using concrete blocks. The smaller dog got the idea immediately but the bigger was as usual wary of trying anything new. After several days of the small one and me demonstrating the use of the stairs the larger one finally but gingerly tried them. Once he found he could do it he went up and down several times faster and faster. Both became very agile at negotiating the steps at full speed. Nonetheless Digger found his way through the upper level fence into my neighbours garden one night but because of the angle of the hole could not get back. My neighbour had already gone to sleep so I went to her side gate and called to Digger but he could not see the way down her twisty steps. I did not want to enter her back yard so fetched Matey to her gate and said "Go fetch Digger." He quickly found the way up and came back with Digger following.
The larger of the two was particularly keen on digging holes so I named him “Digger”. Above the retaining wall in my backyard was a growth of bamboo, the roots of which formed an interlocking network that supported the ground. Digger made a den under this that both dogs could crawl into and turn around quite comfortably.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvTLckbeHh1339jqASoM7d7rqQxpG93RR9nO-5zjUskDub9kSgppqqy0yDhyphenhyphenu7SDvRbvm49oYbpOrmZcUaNF-dXTTQ5nK7KlO6vuPw3-3WppYg8VGGGnKJgwMBWcO0n1oPoF8tIy8XWGo/s1600-h/Matey+inside.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 213px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317319356941930242" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvTLckbeHh1339jqASoM7d7rqQxpG93RR9nO-5zjUskDub9kSgppqqy0yDhyphenhyphenu7SDvRbvm49oYbpOrmZcUaNF-dXTTQ5nK7KlO6vuPw3-3WppYg8VGGGnKJgwMBWcO0n1oPoF8tIy8XWGo/s320/Matey+inside.jpg" /></a>The smaller one “Matey” was the bolder towards me and was the first to venture inside and first to let me scratch him. It was a year before “Digger” would let me scratch him even though he would touch noses with me. Once I got my hand to his chest and he realized this was a good thing he enjoyed a daily scratch and tick check and never flinched when being vaccinated.
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<div align="justify"></div>One lunch time at the hospital one of the Aussie nurses inquired after them. General feelings still were that I was keeping wild animals. I decided to walk them up to her villa one night and knocked on her door so she could see for herself. As soon as she opened it they bolted to a safe but visible distance – I had no collars or leads as none can be had there. She asked how I would get them home again and I gave my usual answer that they would follow me. This got the usual sceptical look. I just said “Come on it’s bed time let’s go home” and they came on my heels. That was when she said called after me “Oh you’re a dog whisperer”.
Then another Aussie nurse complained to the hospital about my dogs barking. They rarely barked and I always quieted them down fast if they did. Seven people living between me and the complainer said the never heard them – she probably heard other outside dogs. I was told she was depressed at the time as a Saudi doctor she hoped to marry got transferred to Jeddah and made it clear he did not want her following him. It is not considered acceptable for a Saudi to marry a non-Saudi, particularly as his first wife. Anyway I had to argue again to be allowed to keep them and was required to produce their vaccination certificates.
Neither dog needed house training from me and never took anything from the house that I did not clearly give them and were very wary of anything new. They were clearly keen to please and do the right thing and were so careful and delicate when taking a biscuit from my hand that they would sometimes drop them if I was not careful to place them properly into their mouths.
They were very good at solving problems and demonstrated excellent understanding even when still very young. One evening they were outside on the road but keeping away as there was a gardener working outside the front of my villa. As soon as he picked up his utensils and took 3 steps towards them they recognised their chance and ran around the back of the villas so as to approach my villa from the other end of the street.
One evening after work a group of four school kids asked if they could come and see my dogs. I agreed but asked them to be calm and quite. Of course they did not understand and as soon as they came into the yard one boy said “oh cool a ball” and picked up a tennis ball they dogs would play with, and threw it directly at the dogs. They were terrified at this mass invasion probably thinking they were being attacked and poor Matey shivered with fright so I had to ask them to go.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmeIT6ZkvOSo0zZEHYdAzWlugSyM1lndiT5dk5zU3yhLLRzBLWOoSlpeJM3wRe4y7CdOupR1SpY94ek9gEU9gZQJtd5PXRD2B7h7TxPLp9yFFL0y4wUcH1dF8gyZ-ivSF6yi_xErpR-0/s1600-h/Matey.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 297px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 211px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317140602805045826" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmeIT6ZkvOSo0zZEHYdAzWlugSyM1lndiT5dk5zU3yhLLRzBLWOoSlpeJM3wRe4y7CdOupR1SpY94ek9gEU9gZQJtd5PXRD2B7h7TxPLp9yFFL0y4wUcH1dF8gyZ-ivSF6yi_xErpR-0/s320/Matey.jpg" /></a>Then Matey suddenly got sick and despite the best efforts of the local vet died. He bled when he died and I feel the likely but unproven cause was poison. I was very upset. There were a number of incidents of many cats going the same way and in one period my neighbour had to bury 8 cats and other people like numbers all within days of each other. There was uproar of people complaining to the hospital and the deaths stopped as suddenly as they started. It was likely that poison would have been laid by expatriates living on the compound but it was impossible to prove who. Saudis generally will not kill animals other than for food under strict Islamic guidelines, but rather trap and move them. It seemed to me futile to do this as there are so many stray cats in Saudi cities that moving them simply leaves a vacuum quickly filled by others. I buried Matey under the bamboo and sometimes noticed Digger standing on the spot looking dejected. Was he remembering Matey?
Whenever I went on holiday I would go with a half empty suitcase and return with it full of dog stuff unobtainable locally. When I came home from my second holiday my neighbour, who had been feeding him, said Digger knew I was coming. When she went to feed him or see he as OK he always backed off, but a couple of days before I arrived – apparently coinciding with when I set off – he was trying to look beyond her to see if I was there. Perhaps he was good at estimating time as both holidays I had taken were for three weeks.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqtsAfOHd1eX5M9tTbrmkmeHCMC-YHi4JIXkNQY0Dk3kVPgrcERUkx6j568vSdMe8m9meUpSy1Okn6PC3RSv9IQB4p4D5ypkyXytGYlmWBPaItcXUvBMvji1z0zoFA32DR91gVOKH67g/s1600-h/Digger's+new+bed-1.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 213px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317318060890915666" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqtsAfOHd1eX5M9tTbrmkmeHCMC-YHi4JIXkNQY0Dk3kVPgrcERUkx6j568vSdMe8m9meUpSy1Okn6PC3RSv9IQB4p4D5ypkyXytGYlmWBPaItcXUvBMvji1z0zoFA32DR91gVOKH67g/s320/Digger's+new+bed-1.jpg" /></a>Digger did not think much of the bed I brought him from London! I noticed that after this holiday Digger seemed to have lost some of the confidence to come inside he had been slowly developing before I went away. He was now more wary of coming inside. He seemed to be scared of the curtain and would not come through the bedroom door into the living area. I suspected something might have happened and eventually my neighbour who had been caring for him told me she had thought that if she enticed him inside by putting a bone down and hid her self behind a curtain at the door she might be able to touch him. Of course he saw her and bolted and was extra wary from then on for a long time.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZkbiW_Pd6ef1Kga2yINTeWH82-ctdlKiFGa4g786U5pbKUnGQN0od8xz45iNf-x2_XSupV4Rgrd4PSNYQTWCliTTsBVRXpCYljVBwbltacIehxyhaVwWlDD4kmHahI9h12Rdkq0BjP4/s1600-h/Digger+toy.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317337240157213874" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZkbiW_Pd6ef1Kga2yINTeWH82-ctdlKiFGa4g786U5pbKUnGQN0od8xz45iNf-x2_XSupV4Rgrd4PSNYQTWCliTTsBVRXpCYljVBwbltacIehxyhaVwWlDD4kmHahI9h12Rdkq0BjP4/s320/Digger+toy.jpg" /></a>One of Diggers favourite toys was a cotton rope knotted at both ends and meant to act as dental floss when chewed. He used to grab one end by the tassels and shake it so hard the free end would bang against his sides. One evening I was sitting on the ground with him and he picked it up and shook it but it whacked my forehead he immediately dropped it and ran back to me and licked my head where it had hit me.
<div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify">While out shopping one evening I found a cheap football on sale and thought it might make a good toy for digger. When I got home I rolled it around and he got the idea that it was something to play with but he was very wary, barking at it and approaching it but not daring to touch it. I left it in the yard and it took some days of encouragement before he would finally roll it around with his nose and chase it. When it became old and punctured and out of shape I bought a new one but he preferred the original, even though it would no longer roll. Only after it fell apart and I threw it away did he play with the new one.
I used to sleep with my bedroom sliding door open so that I would hear if there was any disturbance and could react immediately to counter complaints. My neighbour thought this was not a good idea in case a snake or camel spider came inside. I hoped one would as I have never seen a camel spider and wanted to photograph one. One night I heard a slight unusual scuffling noise and looked out to see Digger standing balanced on his back legs stretching to reach a hibiscus flower from the plant. He later used to stand up to touch noses with me if I asked for a kiss, but one day in the excitement of welcoming me home he stood up as I bent down and banged his head a bit hard on mine knocking my glasses off. He showed his usual concern for what had happened. From then he would only touch noses if I was sitting down first.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCymqZSNu-4Pz0_NgaL7HsOySYduUuKercbj4kDUOcR1YXLXMoY_0x_AkXeTL7ovRICf-Ml6rbBZnCCDkd6Ym0gVbq0ynaQV24N9FUGAI-yr329kK6S7Puyk1rXCBXzFWRtjFx0is84xQ/s1600-h/White+tailed+mongoose+3.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317337018172725186" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCymqZSNu-4Pz0_NgaL7HsOySYduUuKercbj4kDUOcR1YXLXMoY_0x_AkXeTL7ovRICf-Ml6rbBZnCCDkd6Ym0gVbq0ynaQV24N9FUGAI-yr329kK6S7Puyk1rXCBXzFWRtjFx0is84xQ/s320/White+tailed+mongoose+3.jpg" /></a>On another night I awoke to a small commotion accompanied by an odd throaty noise. I went outside and found it to be what I suspected – a visit from an elusive white tailed mongoose occasionally seen by a few residents. One word from me and Digger left it alone to scramble up the fence. The mongoose took some convincing that it was safe to go down the other side of the fence and move away.
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Few cats, apart from Billy who was tolerated well so long as he did not try to steal food, came into the yard more than once, but one we called “Cheeky” discovered that Digger would not follow him inside. He used to regularly run the gauntlet and as fast as I put him out the front door he would go round the back and come in again.
Prayer call is a regular feature of life in the middle-east and Digger often used to like to join in. He would accompany the “Allaaaaaah akbah” (God is great), howling (awoooooooh – wooh –wooh). One voice in particular – it sounded like a young boy – would set him off.
Marking the end of the month of Ramadam fireworks were set off. I suspected this may frighten Digger but he stood calmly looking to the night sky and watching the starbursts.
Digger’s body language was excellent. If I asked Digger if he wanted a bone he would nod his head up and down.
Only a couple of months before the end of my contract Digger kept coming to the door crying for attention. When I went out he would look through the fence but I could not see anything and wondered if it was a mongoose again. Then one of the walkers told us he had glimpsed something inside the compound at dusk. He said it did not look like a cat but he was not sure what it was. He also saw one of the military police inside the compound apparently looking for something. This was unusual as they usually only patrolled the outside perimeter while civilian guards were responsible inside. A couple of days later I saw this scruffy and scarred little pup near a second prefab building. Again I gave her water and food in ice cream containers but had to retreat across the road and a couple of villas away before she would emerge from under the villa to eat.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPOvOvzIjlEQ-nJbov3A5EgZj6jOjLyKjd3OK1n_lKnWtVc8SQlkERXQ0LCihmISIrMwKnaPDYnjmgXN8-RmbcpLCliTRT3mQEUTHRBfGZW8rcsDpuoxCL12WrN7GfgcK6R7zTQuHE5Y/s1600-h/Sheba's+first+meal-1.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: right; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317144939890303906" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPOvOvzIjlEQ-nJbov3A5EgZj6jOjLyKjd3OK1n_lKnWtVc8SQlkERXQ0LCihmISIrMwKnaPDYnjmgXN8-RmbcpLCliTRT3mQEUTHRBfGZW8rcsDpuoxCL12WrN7GfgcK6R7zTQuHE5Y/s320/Sheba's+first+meal-1.jpg" /></a>Having lost Matey I decided that if I could coax the pup to join us and if it got on well with Digger I would again take 2 dogs home as originally planned. When I went to collect the ice cream container on the third day to feed her it had disappeared. I thought she had probably pulled it under the house with her but when I walked back to my villa found she had brought it back to the side of my villa. I was not sure how she would be accepted as Digger had not welcomed company of 2 other dogs on the compound – one an elderly overweight Basset and one a young female Labrador. When the Labrador was first brought to visit he ran away from her and the next time he wanted to chase her so her owner beat a hasty retreat with her. Of course the pup had no doubt seen Digger playing with me and he had been trying to tell me she was there. She was now spending some time at night looking through the fence from the next door villa yard. I intended making a small opening in my fence at the weekend but before that the neighbour came knocking on my door to tell me that there was a dog in his yard and asking me to remove it for him. As soon as we went into his yard the pup ran but I was able to calm her and pick her up. </div>
<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1mYSnYSLluj1PQA5pgLB3UjFRtfbK_LuESpBInQoHtFxBB16QOixp-pvFpPhEntIZ5ngxss5WdLq-mRcdsjlwyxEAyR9grAjx1wK5Z9wJ1TamqF-4T9LB3ExMg43BRM8fxeA9MjkRNs/s1600-h/Sheba's+first+night+inside-1.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 214px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317320411886039810" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1mYSnYSLluj1PQA5pgLB3UjFRtfbK_LuESpBInQoHtFxBB16QOixp-pvFpPhEntIZ5ngxss5WdLq-mRcdsjlwyxEAyR9grAjx1wK5Z9wJ1TamqF-4T9LB3ExMg43BRM8fxeA9MjkRNs/s320/Sheba's+first+night+inside-1.jpg" /></a>She had a patch of hair missing from her back as if scraped off and a scar on her face. </div>
<div align="justify">I closed the mosquito screen door to my yard and she slept that first night in my room between cupboard and wall. She was wary but allowed me to touch her. After I went to bed and the lights had been out for some time I heard her creep out and explore the room and bathroom. </div>
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<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4e4QwPpvyQABOCI9vtYkaoXsXG6zBR4uUrMUHvz96dz_v1wZ71GN5L5tBay_572hB6y_-CFSZhFtFfjp-TprNZpo8Igp2vB-QupN_ezxICSImKY9_CTKQLWoRV5baSzMgnYTZfe6KY6Q/s1600-h/sheba+after+bath.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 208px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317319656500449138" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4e4QwPpvyQABOCI9vtYkaoXsXG6zBR4uUrMUHvz96dz_v1wZ71GN5L5tBay_572hB6y_-CFSZhFtFfjp-TprNZpo8Igp2vB-QupN_ezxICSImKY9_CTKQLWoRV5baSzMgnYTZfe6KY6Q/s320/sheba+after+bath.jpg" /></a>The following day I did not need to go to work and checked her for ticks, gave her a much needed bath then allowed her to join Digger. They both stopped in their tracks when they first saw each other but were then instant best friends – of course they had already introduced themselves from opposite sides of the fence. The second day I had her I went outside with a video camera in my hand. The new pup was immediately aware that this was something new and snorted at it before looking to Digger for is reaction. When she saw he was not worried about it she also accepted it. </div>
<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1QAShVuN97ZVtzWC-xPXgpZ-_P2b5DkO7PdY_WReNYaKpM0VBgyr8f10E5h1eQHfnMexpkk6lrhSSlXCoigIrpO263EctMNnhOqtKNiPwpJ-Ka4pIQpYj48kQ_hjeW0TEgz24UOLk8cs/s1600-h/Sheba+bed.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317319849075348754" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1QAShVuN97ZVtzWC-xPXgpZ-_P2b5DkO7PdY_WReNYaKpM0VBgyr8f10E5h1eQHfnMexpkk6lrhSSlXCoigIrpO263EctMNnhOqtKNiPwpJ-Ka4pIQpYj48kQ_hjeW0TEgz24UOLk8cs/s320/Sheba+bed.jpg" /></a>I called her Sheba. (There is a rocky outcrop nearby that legend claims was a resting place for the Queen of Sheba on her trip to visit King Solomon.) I think Sheba had also been chased and maybe hit by a car as she was scared whenever she heard the Military Police that guarded the compound perimeter drive past. She rapidly improved in condition and was willing to try anything and explore everything but remained wary of other people.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcbZE-dMYKL7-CrhyNbmOv0foxPI9yWSk03XjyOnLeI7MU6cHGPyGpmRfvqjZ8-xlzeZPNgFTa2GzBE3-SvgRuDt4nzCmW-fByNXvJUqwr5XV4k_oh3dZDD8578iYNZm50X9hvL9CvOwc/s1600-h/Sheba+on+lounge.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317320029262041282" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcbZE-dMYKL7-CrhyNbmOv0foxPI9yWSk03XjyOnLeI7MU6cHGPyGpmRfvqjZ8-xlzeZPNgFTa2GzBE3-SvgRuDt4nzCmW-fByNXvJUqwr5XV4k_oh3dZDD8578iYNZm50X9hvL9CvOwc/s320/Sheba+on+lounge.jpg" /></a>One night while I was watching television Sheba walked inside and rested her head on the lounge suite. She rolled her eyes around looking at it before walking out. Next she trotted in and hopped up onto the lounge, had a better look around then hopped down and trotted out again. Then she charged in as fast as she could and flung herself onto the lounge, lay down against the arm rest and held her head up proudly. After that she often sat on the lounge but moved to the section where I sat – probably for the same reason I preferred it – it had a view of the back door.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2fuM-AfFBYQQRvVhGm3SqyEwjsgKjQYzhQ-AlDBeDH4OKG1eZkltKKJ_mcDD9gshxM8lFnR_QlKyhYYCbfS8qIkX2YefaByEC6bxK0sfu6_KVUAePgHGuaQ0OA66_z9kmKf97683NvvQ/s1600-h/Duncan++sheba.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317338009781651666" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2fuM-AfFBYQQRvVhGm3SqyEwjsgKjQYzhQ-AlDBeDH4OKG1eZkltKKJ_mcDD9gshxM8lFnR_QlKyhYYCbfS8qIkX2YefaByEC6bxK0sfu6_KVUAePgHGuaQ0OA66_z9kmKf97683NvvQ/s320/Duncan++sheba.jpg" /></a></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify">One night I was sitting on a chair outside and with a little encouragement from me Sheba came and put both front legs up onto my lap. Digger found this most curious as he had never done this and moved around to the side for a better look at just what she was doing. He was plainly bemused.
</div><div align="justify">Sheba did not have the same idea of sharing food that Digger and Matey had but was learning both from me and from Digger. Once he realised Sheba was gobbling down any treat she got and would then try to get his he would hold back on eating his snack or bone etc. and then not let her have it. Coupled with my help she started to understand – one each.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwimAfI5EIIzSmPpKIjr5tIJurXidwc1ORvp-8OYk9aWMPmp_WRHFw1qiyvWvGCGifLyJ_6AKOI5KyszTwRld0IuDWDb9rFdAsFrREN6yxH5rtWcgQqoOa_jjcl17l-dc2dTgX-VDBzjE/s1600-h/Digger+Sheba.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317317746071621314" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwimAfI5EIIzSmPpKIjr5tIJurXidwc1ORvp-8OYk9aWMPmp_WRHFw1qiyvWvGCGifLyJ_6AKOI5KyszTwRld0IuDWDb9rFdAsFrREN6yxH5rtWcgQqoOa_jjcl17l-dc2dTgX-VDBzjE/s320/Digger+Sheba.JPG" /></a>On another occasion I was sitting on the ground outside and said to Digger “Digger give me a kiss”. As usual he came and touched his nose to mine. Without planning it I thought I would see if I could teach Sheba to do the same. I said “Sheba give me a kiss” and touched my nose in front of her. No reaction from her but Digger reacted. He immediately went and touched his nose to hers then looked at me happily as if to say “good idea, I can do that!”
DIGGER AND S<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6Ld1gl12pjyWW5gXVlqm7pCtEd5b64ChtsaLfcqIfwnOjTPjDNXATF-RxuDH2o1hOkrMtOW5HE24rKla-cQ48SsUQ3H5kloKtd6GcHdYRJQfzwH7bbwEBxtHB3fRh7mpOAB0Z1gRoj4/s1600-h/Digger+sheba+3.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317135197557646626" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6Ld1gl12pjyWW5gXVlqm7pCtEd5b64ChtsaLfcqIfwnOjTPjDNXATF-RxuDH2o1hOkrMtOW5HE24rKla-cQ48SsUQ3H5kloKtd6GcHdYRJQfzwH7bbwEBxtHB3fRh7mpOAB0Z1gRoj4/s320/Digger+sheba+3.jpg" /></a>HEBA
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</div><div align="justify">Sheba tried sleeping on my bed for a couple of nights but it was only a single bed and as I am quite tall there was not a lot of space and as it warmed up for summer she mostly slept in the kennel with Digger. At daybreak she would come and jump onto the bed and pound me with her front legs to wake me – much to Diggers amusement.
Cheeky the cat one night rushed into the lounge with a look of horror. He had picked his chance to come in but had not allowed for Sheba who followed him inside with Digger on her heels. He needed no urging from me to exit through the front door this time and did not go straight to the back for another try.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwusJMZEytmWOQaUFDfSp6yR6NwaEdImR1COnE1q66Ic8AdERlwmw41iqMPaa_nUQVShzoBrMC7MM2Mu_4dVzr6aZ_GYemNqGvNVmqB8wjJfNmFpxA2yD_wsvCtdSrpfTfN3GsPJiqs44/s1600-h/Ethiopean+hedgehog.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317337648260561842" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwusJMZEytmWOQaUFDfSp6yR6NwaEdImR1COnE1q66Ic8AdERlwmw41iqMPaa_nUQVShzoBrMC7MM2Mu_4dVzr6aZ_GYemNqGvNVmqB8wjJfNmFpxA2yD_wsvCtdSrpfTfN3GsPJiqs44/s320/Ethiopean+hedgehog.jpg" /></a>Shortly after daybreak one morning there was sound of scuffling going on in the yard and when I looked out there was another visitor. This time an Ethiopian hedgehog had aroused their curiosity. Both dogs gingerly reached out to this strange spiky animal with their paws but were more curious than anything else. I picked it up and released it away from my villa but about a week later the hospital civilian gate guards had it in a box and were going to take it away. They are fairly common in the area and are one of three species found on the Arabian peninsular.
My attempts to take my beautiful dogs’ home proved unexpectedly difficult. As fast as one problem was solved another developed. My intention was to export them to Dubai for quarantine to satisfy Australian regulations, via a Jeddah veterinary service which had kennels. I collected 2 travel kennels from Jeddah and had them in the yard to try and get the dogs used to them. Unfortunately I had been unable to find time to get them before I stopped work as I was doing 2 peoples work since the departure of a staff member for whom no replacement had been found. This left limited time for the dogs to overcome their suspicion of the boxes and with Digger’s experience of attempted trapping in the past he needed more time. Also vaccine requirements changed. Requested Bordetella vaccine was unobtainable in the country and a last minute change from requiring just rabies vaccination to a needing a positive rabies neutralising antibody test (RNAT) test performed in Europe, before they could travel to Dubai. These problems were solvable.
Most of the flights from Khamis to Jeddah used aircraft with cargo holds that were not temperature controlled so could not carry animals. My plan was to rent a van and drive them to Jeddah. They had never been in a vehicle so I hoped to get them into the boxes and then lift them into the van. At the same time I was pressured by the hospital to leave. They in fact had made a mistake as to my last working day and mistakenly claimed I had stopped work 2 months before I in fact had. This despite the fact that they had requested I keep working due to staff shortages. When the day came I could not get Digger into his box. The alternative was to fit a door to the kennel they both slept in and transport them to Jeddah in that but I had to leave and lacked the basic implements to fix a door in the time left. The Jeddah kennel had a number of people to help with onward shipment whereas I had only myself when it came to getting them into the airline boxes. I was forced to go and leave the dogs in the care of my cat loving neighbour who was to get a door fitted and arrange transport to Jeddah where the dogs were expected. I have since learnt that a lot of the pressure for me to go originated from an American dentist who wanted to move to my villa. He had identical accommodation except that I had a better front garden due entirely to my looking after it while he made no effort on his. He was supposedly friendly to me and claimed to like dogs.
While my neighbour was at work one day the resident from the next door villa closed the kennel door they had fitted and called Preventive Medicine to take the dogs away. She was unable to find out what had happened for some days. Then she was told they were taken to a farm but later that they were driven out of town and released at a site where food was dumped and other dogs and the local baboons came to scavenge. They had also been taken to the dentist at work so he had a chance to get them returned – he did not and later told my neighbour that he had to make a “judgmental decision and had made the wrong one”. He knew as did everyone that I wanted to get the dogs out and what the plan was to do so.
My neighbour arranged for someone to drive her to the area the dogs were supposedly taken to and searched without success. She is now home in Cape Town with a cat she took home with her. She thinks she may have seen Digger in an area on the opposite side of the hospital to where they were supposedly taken. She was on a hospital bus at the time and unable to stop but when she got back to the compound found someone to drive her back to the area but could not find any dog. Was it him? Have the two stayed together? I think they would have. Have they had pups? Quite possibly. Have they managed to find shelter from the hail storms they would certainly have experienced by now? I can only hope so. Many people on the compound were apparently upset at what happened. I am left heartbroken.
Knowing what I know of them I believe they may well have survived provided they found water soon enough, and I wish I could get there to carry out an extensive search for them. I know that even if I could get there I may fail to find them in. If I could find them I may fail to get them into a vehicle on my own. If I got them to Jeddah would I still be able to get clearance as a visitor to take them out of the country? If I could find a way to at least try I would do anything to recover them.
I remembered reading something about these dogs being officially recognised as a breed but failed to find out anything while I was in Saudi. I searched the internet for such things as “dogs of Arabia” without success. Back in Australia I now believe them to be Canaans. All the characteristics fit and the history of them and the way I got them, makes the ones I had even more special to me. If only I could at least try to find them but Saudis don’t issue visas for expats to go and get dogs from the wilds. I will continue to try and think of a way. Of course in terms of pedigree it is only by controlled breeding and record keeping that we can be sure of the purity of a breed. Sterling work in this regard has been done in Israel where Canaans are the national dog. Undoubtedly there is scope for a lot more research of naturally occurring dogs in the area. Just how widespread are they? What is their natural behaviour? There have been reports of them pairing for life. Are young males forced out of the pack to avoid inbreeding? Is that how Digger and Matey were left on the compound? Perhaps there is much to add to our knowledge of these ancient dogs before interbreeding occurs or they are allowed to die out in their natural state through pressure of human population growth or deliberate attempts to eliminate them as a rabies control measure.
They may not be on any breed register but Digger, Matey and Sheba will always be champions in my life. Somewhere I believe they are out there. One way or another, my next dogs will have to be Canaans but for now these are lost to me. I can only hope that a continual easing of visa requirements in Saudi Arabia may one day allow me to search for them. </div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAr9NWqoMnzGXmDOel8YsADGoqa83CulPSYa_38ng1BV5TqukqlEK_gx3f4jfUmSeO4opiI7I8U_tJQz82QCikDsnORiwllZ997UvLrGNtmhOdXRONOFyrgs3-7L2LtV4-I34bFvHzL4o/s1600-h/Duncan+Digger4.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 214px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5317337432061779074" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAr9NWqoMnzGXmDOel8YsADGoqa83CulPSYa_38ng1BV5TqukqlEK_gx3f4jfUmSeO4opiI7I8U_tJQz82QCikDsnORiwllZ997UvLrGNtmhOdXRONOFyrgs3-7L2LtV4-I34bFvHzL4o/s320/Duncan+Digger4.jpg" /></a>
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Digger showing his curved tail
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<div align="justify"></div>duncanerdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11298175501774334490noreply@blogger.com5